Mipiro yeArcheology kuSainzi yekurapa
Kuchera matongo, kudzidza nhoroondo yevanhu uye nhoroondo yekare kuburikidza nekuchera nekuongorora zvinhu zvekare, kwagara kuchibatanidzwa nekutsvaga ruzivo nezvetsika dzekare, tsika, uye zviitiko zvenhoroondo. Zvisinei, hazviwanzozivikanwa nekuda kwekubatsira kwaro kwakakosha kusainzi yekurapa. Kusangana kwezvinocherwa mumatongo nemishonga kunopa ruzivo rwakasiyana mukushanduka kwezvirwere, mamiriro ezvinhu emumajini, uye tsika dzekare dzekurapa dzine zvadzinoreva kune hutano hwemazuva ano. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzakakosha apo kutsvagurudza kwezvinocherwa mumatongo kwakavandudza kunzwisisa kwedu sainzi yekurapa.
Paleopathology: Chidzidzo cheZvirwere Zvekare
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakapihwa neongororo yezvekuchera matongo kusainzi yekurapa ndechekushandisa paleopathology, iyo inosanganisira kudzidza zvirwere zvekare nekuongorora zvasara zvevanhu nemhuka. Nekuongorora zvasara zvemapfupa, vaongorori vanogona kuona zviratidzo zvekukuvadzwa, kushomeka kwekudya, uye zvirwere zvinotapukira. Izvi zvinopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvekupararira uye kukanganisa kwezvirwere muvanhu vekare, zvichitigonesa kutevedzera kushanduka nekupararira kwezvirwere nekufamba kwenguva.
Semuenzaniso, kudzidza nezvemapfupa ekare kwakajekesa nhoroondo yechirwere cherurindi—chirwere chave chichitambudza vanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Kuongororwa kweDNA yezvisaririra zvekare kwakasimbisa kuvapo kweTB muzvitunha zvemuIjipiti, zvichiratidza kuti chirwere ichi chaive chakapararira munguva dzekare. Uyezve, kuongororwa kwemajini ebhakitiriya akatorwa kubva muzvisaririra zvekare kwakabatsira masayendisiti kunzwisisa kuti chirwere ichi chakashanduka sei uye chakachinja sei, zvichipa ruzivo rwakakosha runogona kutungamira munzira dziripo dzekurapa.
Matambudziko ekare eDNA uye majini
Kufambira mberi mu biology yemamorekuru kwakabvumira kubviswa nekuongorora DNA yekare (aDNA) kubva muzvakawanikwa mumatongo. Izvi zvakavhura nzira itsva dzekunzwisisa hwaro hwemajini ezvirwere nezvirwere muvanhu vekare. Nekuenzanisa aDNA kubva kuvanhu vekare nevemazuva ano, vaongorori vanogona kuona shanduko dzemajini dzingave dzakakonzera kubatwa kana kuramba zvirwere zvakasiyana.
Semuenzaniso, kudzidza nezve aDNA kwakajekesa majini anokonzera kusashivirira lactose. Kuvapo kana kusavapo kwemamwe magene zviratidzo mumajini evanhu vekare kunoratidza kuti kusashivirira lactose kwakatanga rini uye kupi, zvichipa ruzivo nezvekudya zvinovaka muviri uye zvekudya zvine basa kunyangwe nhasi.
Imwe nzira inokosha yekunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu emumajini akadai seanemia. Kuongororwa kwezvisaririra zvekare zvinoratidza zviratidzo zve cribra orbitalia—chirwere chinowanzobatanidzwa neanemia—kwakapa ruzivo nezvezvinhu zvemajini uye zvakatipoteredza zvinokonzera chirwere ichi. Izvi zvinobatsirawo vaongorori vezvokurapa kunzwisisa kuramba kuripo kwehunhu hwemajini aya muvanhu vemazuva ano.
Ruzivo rweMaitiro Ekurapa Ekare
Zvekuchera matongo zvakapawo ruzivo rwakawanda nezvekurapa kwekare kuburikidza nekuwana zvishandiso zvekurapa, zvinyorwa, uye zvisaririra zvemuviri. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinopa ruzivo rwekufambira mberi kweruzivo rwekurapa nehunyanzvi, humwe hwacho hwakafambira mberi zvinoshamisa uye hwakapesvedzera nzira dzekurapa dzemazuva ano.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvakawanikwa panyaya iyi iEbers Papyrus, chinyorwa chekurapa chekare chekuEgypt chakatangira kuma1550 BCE. Gwaro iri rine ruzivo rwakakura nezvemiti yekurapa, nzira dzekuvhiya, uye nzira dzekurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichipa mukana wekuona nzira dzekurapa dzekare. Kushandiswa kwehuchi pakurapa maronda, kwakatsanangurwa muEbers Papyrus, itsika inosimbiswa nesainzi yemazuva ano nekuda kwesimba rayo rekurwisa mabhakitiriya.
Saizvozvowo, kuchera nzvimbo dzekare dzekuvhiya munzvimbo dzakadai seRome neGreece kwakafukunura zvishandiso zvekuvhiya zvemhando yepamusoro uye humbowo hwenzira dzakaoma, dzakadai sekupwanya mapfupa—kuvhiya uko kunoboorwa gomba mudehenya. Kuwanda kwehupenyu hune chekuita nedzimwe nzira idzi kunoratidza kunzwisisa kwakakura kunoshamisa kwenzira dzekuvhiya uye kutarisira varwere.
Basa reKudya uye Kudya Kunovaka Muviri
Ongororo dzezvakacherwa mumatongo dzakaratidza kukosha kwekudya uye kudya kunovaka muviri pahutano hwevanhu vekare. Nekuongorora isotopes muzvisaririra zvevanhu, masayendisiti anogona kugadzirazve kudya kwekare uye kuongorora kukosha kwavo kwekudya. Izvi zvakapa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti shanduko mukudya dzinokanganisa sei hutano nezvirwere nekufamba kwenguva.
Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvemakemikari emapfupa zvakaratidza maitiro ekudya evanhu vakasiyana-siyana vekare, akadai sekuchinja kubva pakuva muvhimi-muunganidzi kuenda kumagariro ekurima. Kuchinja uku kunowanzo kukonzera kushomeka kwezvekudya uye kuwedzera kwezvirwere, zvichipa zvidzidzo muhutano hweveruzhinji nekudya zvinovaka muviri izvo zvichiri kukosha nanhasi.
Kuongororwa kwema coprolites—tsvina yakazorwa—kunotipa kunzwisisa kwakananga kwekudya kwekare uye tupukanana twaitambudza vanhu vekare, zvichitizivisa nezvehutano hwevanhu hwekare uye nharaunda yezvirwere. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvine zvazvinoreva pakunzwisisa kushanduka kwezvirwere zvine chekuita nekudya, zvakaita sekufuta nechirwere cheshuga, munguva dzazvino.
Zvirwere zveZoonotic uye Kudyidzana kwevanhu nemhuka
Tsvagiridzo yezvekuchera matongo yakapawo ruzivo rwakakosha nezvezvirwere zvemhuka dzinotapuriranwa kubva kumhuka kuenda kuvanhu. Kuongororwa kwezvisaririra zvevanhu vekare nemhuka kwakatsvaga nhoroondo yezvirwere izvi, zvichiratidza kuti kudyidzana kwevanhu nemhuka kwakaumba sei kubuda nekupararira kwezvirwere zvemhuka dzinotapuriranwa kubva kumhuka.
Semuenzaniso, mavambo edenda akateverwa kumashure kusvika kumapfupa evanhu vekare, zvichibatsira masayendisiti kunzwisisa kuti bhakitiriya reYersinia pestis rakashanduka sei uye rakakonzera kupararira kwezvirwere zvinoparadza munhoroondo yese. Izvi zvine zvazvinoreva pakutarisa nekudzora zvirwere zvemazuva ano zvemhuka, zvakaita seCOVID-19, izvo zvine nhoroondo dzakamboitika.
Mipiro kuMishonga yeForensic
Chekupedzisira, kuchera matongo kwakabatsira mukurapa kwezvekuferefeta nekupa nzira nehurongwa hwekuongorora zvisaririra zvevanhu mumutemo. Matekiniki akavandudzwa mukuchera matongo, akadai seosteology—kudzidza mapfupa—uye taphonomy—kudzidza kuti zvipenyu zvinoora sei—anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuferefeta kwezvekuferefeta kuti aone zera, murume kana mukadzi, uye chikonzero cherufu rwezvisaririra zvisina kuzivikanwa.
Kuchinjana uku kwakabatsira zvikuru mukugadzirisa nyaya dzemazuva ano dzemhosva uye kuziva vanhu vakawirwa nenjodzi huru. Nzira dzakanyatsoshandiswa nevanochera matongo mukuchera nekuongorora dzinoramba dzichiita kuti humbowo hwakakosha huchengetedzwe, zvichibatsira nyanzvi dzezvekuongorora nyaya dzemhosva mukuferefeta kwavo.
mhedziso
Mipiro yezvekuchera matongo kusainzi yezvekurapa yakakura uye ine mativi akawanda. Kubva pakunzwisisa kushanduka kwezvirwere nezvirwere zvemajini kusvika pakuwana nzira dzekurapa dzekare netsika dzekudya, zvekuchera matongo zvinopa maonero akasiyana uye anokosha pahutano hwevanhu. Kuburikidza nekudzidza zvasara zvekare nezvinhu zvekare, tinowana ruzivo rusingangowedzere ruzivo rwedu rwezvakare asiwo rune zvarunoreva zvakananga pakutsvagurudza kwezvekurapa kwemazuva ano uye maitiro. Kushandira pamwe pakati pevaongorori vezvekuchera matongo nevasayendisiti vezvekurapa kunoramba kuri muganhu unovimbisa wekuwana nzira itsva dzekuvandudza hutano hwevanhu nekugara zvakanaka.
