Zvekuchera Matongo neSainzi Yezvekudya Zvekare
Zvekuchera matongo nekudzidza nezvechikafu chekare inyaya dzakabatana dzinopa ruzivo rwakakura rwenhoroondo yevanhu, kudya, uye kushanduka kwetsika. Sainzi yechikafu chekare, inowanzonzi "archaeobotany" kana "palaeoethnobotany," inoongorora zvasara zvezvirimwa, mhuka, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa kuti tinzwisise zvaidyiwa nemadzitateguru edu, kuti vaigadzira sei chikafu chavo, uye basa guru rechikafu munharaunda dzekare. Iyi ndima yezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana inoshandisa botany, zoology, chemistry, uye kunyange majini kuti ibudise maitiro ezvekudya kubva munguva dzakapfuura, ichipa nzwisiso muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye maumbirwo emagariro evanhu vekare.
Kuwana Zvisaririra Zvinodyiwa
Rwendo rwekudzidza nezvekudya kwekare runotanga nekutsvaga nekunyatsoongorora zvasara zvechikafu. Vanochera matongo vanowanzoona mbeu dzakatsva, mapfupa, nemagoko mumoto wekare nemakomba emarara, zvichiratidza maitiro ekudya ekare. Tsanga dzemukume, phytoliths (zvidimbu zvidiki zvesilica zvinobva mumiti), uye zvasara zvestarch zvinopa mamwe mazano. Zvasara izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa pamidziyo yekare, muhari, uye kunyange mukuverenga mazino evanhu (hardened dental plaque), chimwe nechimwe chichitaura nyaya yacho nezvezvaidyiwa nevanhu.
Semuenzaniso, kuwanikwa kwematombo ekukuya netsanga dzakapiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose kwakaita kuti pave neruzivo rwakakura pamusoro pekwakabva kurima. MuFertile Crescent yeMiddle East, humbowo hwekurima gorosi nebhari hwakatanga makore angangoita zviuru gumi. Saizvozvowo, kurima mupunga nemhunga kwakabuda muChina munguva imwe cheteyo. Kuwanikwa uku kunoratidza shanduko huru kubva pakutsvaga chikafu kuenda pakurima, shanduko yakaisa hwaro hwebudiriro yemazuva ano.
Kubva pakutsvaga zvekudya kusvika pakurima
Kuchinja kubva pakurarama kwevavhimi nevanounganidza kuenda kunharaunda dzekurima dzakagadzikana kunoratidza chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru zvevanhu. Kunzwisisa kudya kwekare kunobatsira vanochera matongo kutsvaga shanduko iyi yakakosha. Vanhu vekare vaifarira zvinhu zvose, vachishandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvirimwa nemhuka zvaivepo munharaunda yavo. Kuongororwa kwema isotopes mumapfupa evanhu vekare kunoratidza kudya kwakasiyana-siyana kwemadzitateguru edu, kunosanganisira zvese kubva pazvirimwa nemichero kusvika kunyama nehove.
Kurima kwakakurudzira shanduko huru dzemagariro evanhu, hupfumi, uye tekinoroji. Kuwanikwa kwechikafu kwakasimba kwakabvumira kukura kwevanhu, kukura kwemisha nemaguta, uye kukura kwenharaunda dzakaoma. Kurima zvirimwa, kunyanya zvirimwa zvikuru zvakaita segorosi, mupunga, nechibage, kwakachinja kugadzirwa kwechikafu. Kurima zvipfuwo kwakateverawo, nemakwai, mbudzi, mombe, nenguruve zvichiva chinhu chinokosha pakurarama kwevanhu.
Chikafu chaisangova chekuchengetedza hupenyu chete; chaive chakakosha mutsika uye muzviratidzo. Tsika dzaiva dzakabatana nekugadzirira nekudya chikafu dzaive dzakakosha munharaunda zhinji dzekare. Kudya pamwe nekudya pamwe chete zvaikurudzira hukama hwevanhu, ukuwo zvipiriso zvekudya zvaiita basa guru mutsika dzechitendero nedzemariro.
Matekiniki ekubika uye zvishandiso
Kuongorora zvisaririra zvechikafu chekare kunojekesawo matekiniki ekubika nezvishandiso. Hari dzekubikira dzakatsva, matombo ekukuya, uye midziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu zvinoratidza nzira dzinoshandiswa kugadzirira nekuchengetedza chikafu. Zvasara zvinowanikwa pazvigadzirwa izvi zvinopa zviratidzo zvemakemikari zvinoratidza zvinhu zvakashandiswa uye maitiro ekubika.
Muenzaniso unonakidza ndewekuwanikwa kwezvisaririra zvechizi zvemakore 6,000 muhari dzekuchera matongo kubva kuPoland. Zvisaririra izvi zvinoratidza kuti vanhu veNeolithic vaisangogaya mhuka chete asiwo vaigadzira mukaka iwoyo kuita chizi. Saizvozvowo, ongororo yezvisaririra zvedoro rekare kubva mumidziyo muIsrael, inotangira makore angangoita 13,000, inoratidza kuti vamwe vevabiki vedoro vekare vanozivikanwa vaigadzira mhando yekare yedoro kare kare kusati kwatanga kurima kwepamutemo.
Kudzidza nezvezvishandiso zvekare kunoratidzawo hunyanzvi uye kugona kuchinja-chinja kwevanhu vekare. Kuongorora zvishandiso zvematombo zvinopfekwa nemaoko kunoratidza humbowo hwekucheka nyama nezvinhu zvemiti, zvichiratidza kudya kwakasiyana-siyana. Kuongorora zvimedu zvehari kuburikidza nekuongorora marara kwakaratidza zvisaririra zvehove, nyama, nemafuta emiti, zvichitipa mukana wekuona kusiyana kwekubika kwevanhu vekare.
Majini Echikafu Chekare
Maitiro emazuva ano ekugadzira majini akachinja kudzidza kwechikafu chekare. Kuongororwa kweDNA yezvirimwa nemhuka kunopa ruzivo rwakarurama rwemhando uye kunyange musiyano wemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Ruzivo urwu rwemajini runopa ruzivo rwekuti varimi vekare vaidya sei uye nzira dzekusarudza dzekuberekesa dzaishandiswa nevarimi vekare.
Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo zvemajini zvezviyo zvekare zvakaratidza kuti varimi vekare vaisarudza sei zvinhu zvinodiwa zvakaita sekukura kwembeu, kuravira kuri nani, uye kuramba zvipembenene nezvirwere zvakanyanya. Nekuenzanisa DNA yekare neyezvirimwa zvemazuva ano, masayendisiti anogona kutevedzera dzinza rezvirimwa uye kunzwisisa kuti zvakashanduka sei kwezviuru zvemakore.
Saizvozvowo, kuongororwa kweDNA yemhuka kunobatsira pakuvakazve maitiro ekuberekesa uye maitiro ekutama kwevafudzi vepakutanga. Nekuongorora kusiyana kwemajini emombe dzekare, makwai, nembudzi, vaongorori vanowana nzwisiso yekuti mhuka idzi dzaichengetwa sei uye dzaitengeswa sei, zvichiratidza kubatana kwenharaunda dzekare.
Kupesvedzera Kwezvakatipoteredza uye Kwemamiriro Ekunze
Kudzidza nezvechikafu chekare kunosanganawo nekuchera matongo kwezvakatipoteredza uye kwemamiriro ekunze. Kuchinja-chinja kwemamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya kuwanikwa kwechikafu uye tsika dzekurima munguva dzekare. Vanoongorora zvirimwa vekare vanoshandisa data kubva muzvisaririra zvechikafu chekare kuti vanzwisise mamiriro ekunze ekare uye mhedzisiro yawo pavanhu.
Semuenzaniso, kuongororwa kwema isotopu eokisijeni mumasara emiti yekare kunogona kuratidza maitiro emvura yekare, zvichipa zviratidzo nezvekubudirira kwekurima kwekare. Saizvozvowo, kudzidza nezvemadhaka ekare nezvinhu zvemiti zvakazorwa kunogona kuvakazve mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza aigara vanhu, zvichibatsira kunzwisisa kuti vakajaira sei mamiriro ekunze anochinja.
Kusanaya kwemvura, mafashamo, nezvimwe zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakakanganisa zvikuru nzanga dzekare, zvichiwanzokonzera shanduko mumaitiro ekugara kwevanhu, hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji, uye kunyange kuparara kwenharaunda. Nekunzwisisa izvi, vaongorori vemazuva ano vanovavarira kuwana kufanana nezvidzidzo zvinogona kubatsira mhinduro dziripo nedziri mune ramangwana kumamiriro ekunze.
Nhaka Yezvekudya Zvekare
Sainzi yezvekudya zvekare haingowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu nhoroondo chete asiwo inodzidzisa nyaya dzemazuva ano dzine chekuita nekurima, kudya kunovaka muviri, uye kuchengetedzeka. Nekutsvaga tsika dzekudya dzemadzitateguru edu, vaongorori vanogona kuona mhando dzezvirimwa zvinogara kwenguva refu uye nzira dzekurima dzinogara kwenguva refu dzinogona kubatsira zvikuru mukugadzirisa matambudziko emazuva ano ekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu.
Zviyo zvekare zvakaita sequinoa neamaranth, zvaimbove zvakakosha kuvanhu vakaita seIncas neAztec, zvino zvava kuzivikanwa nekuda kwekubatsira kwazvo pakudya uye kugona kuchinjika nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekurima. Kuwanazve nekudzoreredza zvirimwa izvi zvekare kunogona kubatsira mukusimudzira nzira dzekurima dzakasimba uye dzinogara kwenguva refu.
Uyezve, kudzidza nezvekudya kwekare kunosimbisa hukama hwakadzama pakati pevanhu nechikafu chavo. Zvinotiyeuchidza nezvekudya kwemhuri uye tsika, zvichikurudzira nzanga dzemazuva ano kukoshesa chikafu kwete sehuni chete asi sechikamu chakakosha chemagariro edu netsika.
mhedziso
Zvekuchera matongo nesainzi yezvekudya zvekare zvinoratidza hukama hwakaoma pakati pevanhu nekugara kwenguva refu kwavo munhoroondo yese. Kubva pamatongo ezvekudya zvekare kusvika kumavara ezvirimwa zvekare, ndima iyi yezvekudya zvakasiyana-siyana inopa mukana wekuona maitiro ekubika, hunyanzvi hwekurima, uye shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza dzemadzitateguru edu. Sezvatinoramba tichiongorora nekunzwisisa maitiro aya ezvekudya zvekare, tinowana ruzivo rwakakosha runogona kuzivisa zvatiri kuita iye zvino nezveramangwana, zvichikurudzira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwetsika, magariro, uye nharaunda yechikafu.
