Zvekuchera matongo muLatin America neMaya Civilization: Kutsvaga Zvakaitika Kare
Mumasango akasvibira nenzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemakomo eLatin America, vanochera matongo vakawana tsika dzakawanda dzekare, dzisinganyanyi kushamisa kana kufadza kupfuura tsika dzeMaya. Dzichibudirira kubva muna 2000 BCE kusvika muzana remakore rechi16, tsika dzeMaya dzakafambira mberi zvinoshamisa mukunyora, kuongorora nyeredzi, uye kuvaka, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo huru yekuferefeta kwezvinocherwa muLatin America. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa kukosha kwenhoroondo yeMaya, kuwanikwa kukuru kwezvinocherwa mumatombo, uye matambudziko ari kusangana nevanochera matongo vemazuva ano.
Kukosha kweMaya Civilization
Rudzi rweMaya rwaive rumwe rwetsika dzakanyanya kunaka dzevasati vasvika kuColumbia, rwaizivikanwa nekunyora kwarwo kwakaoma, kubudirira kwarwo mumasvomhu nekuongorora nyeredzi, uye magadzirirwo arwo makuru ekuvaka. VaMaya vakagadzira imwe yenzira dzekunyora dzepamusoro-soro muAmerica dzisati dzasvika kuColumbia, chiratidzo chakapa ruzivo rwakakosha munharaunda yavo, zvematongerwo enyika, uye cosmology.
Kufambira mberi kunoshamisa kwakafanana nekarenda reMesoamerican Long Count kunoratidza kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenguva kwevaMaya. Zvishamiso zvavo zvekuvaka—mapiramidhi makuru, dzimba dzeumambo dzakakura, uye nhandare dzebhora dzakaoma—zvinotaura zvakawanda nezvehunyanzvi hwavo hweinjiniya uye kurongeka kwevanhu.
Zvakawanikwa Zvikuru zveMatongo
Imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kufarirwa dzekuchera matongo iTikal, iri muGuatemala yemazuva ano. Payakasvika pakakwirira pakati pa200 na900 CE, Tikal yaive guta rine simba rine zvivakwa zvinopfuura 3,000 zvakapararira munzvimbo ine makiromita gumi nematanhatu. Pakati pezvivakwa zvinozivikanwa zvikuru pane Tembere IV, inokwira mamita angangoita 70 pamusoro pedenga resango, ichipa maonero akanaka aimboratidza hukuru nesimba reguta.
Imwe nzvimbo yakakura zvikuru iChichén Itzá, inowanikwa muYucatán Peninsula yeMexico. Yakakurumbira neTembere yeKukulcán, inozivikanwawo seEl Castillo, piramidhi iyi inoratidza ruzivo rwepamusoro rweMaya rwezvenyeredzi uye kurongeka kwadzo kwezvivakwa nezviitiko zvemudenga. Munguva ye equinoxes, mimvuri inotorwa nematanho epiramidhi inoita kuti pave nekufungidzira kwenyoka ichidzika pasi pechivako, ichimiririra mwari Kukulcán.
Copán, iri muHonduras yemazuva ano, ine zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakagadzirwa nezvivakwa zvinotsanangura hupenyu hweMaya hwemagariro evanhu. Makwikwi eHieroglyphic Stairway ndiwo magwaro eMayan akareba kupfuura mamwe ese, anopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro penhoroondo yemadzimambo nenyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika muguta.
Matambudziko Ekuchera Nekuchengetedza
Pasinei nezvakawanikwa zvinoshamisa izvi, vanochera matongo vanosangana nematambudziko akawanda. Masango akakura akavanza maguta aya ekare kwemazana emakore anotadzisa zvikuru kuchera. Mamiriro ekunze anopisa uye ane hunyoro anokurumidza kuora kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, zvichiita kuti zviome kuchengetedza zvivakwa zvematanda nemachira.
Kupamba zvinhu zvine njodzi huru. Zvinhu zvinokosha zvinowanzobiwa uye kutengeswa pamusika mutema, zvichishayisa nyanzvi ruzivo rwakakosha. Kuedza kurwisa dambudziko iri kunosanganisira kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo uye kushandiswa kwezvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvakasimba, kunyange hazvo matanho aya asiri echokwadi.
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji senge LiDAR (Kuona Mwenje uye Kuchinja) kwakachinja matongo eMaya. Tekinoroji yeLiDAR inogona kuyera pamusoro peNyika kuburikidza nemiti yakawanda, ichiratidza zvivakwa nenzira dzakavanzwa. Muna 2018, ongororo yeLiDAR itsva munharaunda yePetén muGuatemala yakafumura zvivakwa zveMaya zvinopfuura 60,000 zvaisazivikanwa, zvichichinja kunzwisisa kwedu kukura uye kuoma kwetsika.
Tsika neKufunga Kwetsika
Kuedza kwekuchera matongo kunewo mabasa etsika netsika. Nyika dzine nzvimbo idzi dzekare dzinowanzogarwa nevanhu veko vanotora maMaya semadzitateguru avo. Kushandira pamwe pakati pevanochera matongo nenharaunda dzeko kwakakosha pakuchengetedza kwete chete zvasara zvehupenyu hweMaya asiwo nhaka yetsika netsika zvakapfuudzwa kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa.
Muenzaniso wepurojekiti iyi chirongwa cheMaya Forest Garden, icho chine chinangwa chekudzidza nekumutsiridza tsika dzekurima dzechivanhu. Nekushanda pamwe chete nevarimi vemuno, vanochera matongo vari kuwanazve nzira dzekare dzinokurudzira kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu uye kuchengetedzeka. Kushanda pamwe chete uku kunovandudza ruzivo rwekuchera matongo ukuwo vachiremekedza nekumutsiridza nhaka yemuno.
Zvichaitika mune ramangwana
Sezvo tekinoroji ichiramba ichifambira mberi, nzira dzemangwana dzekuchera matongo dzinovimbisa kuwedzera kujekesa tsika dzeMaya. Matekiniki akadai se3D modeling uye kure sensing anobvumira kutsvaga nzvimbo dzekare nenzira isingakuvadzi, zvichigadzira mikana mitsva yedzidzo nekushanya ukuwo zvichideredza kukuvara kwenzvimbo idzi.
Kuwedzera kushanda pamwe chete pakati pezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana ndeimwe nzira inovimbisa. Kubatanidza hunyanzvi kubva muminda yakadai sebiology, chemistry, uye computer science nenzira dzekare dzekuchera matongo kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pemararamiro eMaya. Semuenzaniso, kuongororwa kwezvitunha zvevanhu ne isotopic kunogona kupa ruzivo nezvekudya uye maitiro ekutama, nepo kuongororwa kweDNA kuchigona kuratidza hukama hwemajini nemamiriro ehutano.
Dzidzo yeveruzhinji uye kubatanidzwa kunoitawo basa rakakosha mukudzivirira nekusimudzira nhaka yezvakacherwa mumatongo. Mamiziyamu, madokumentari, uye kushanya kwepamhepo zvinoita kuti vateereri vakawanda vakwanise kubatana nezvakavanzika nezvishamiso zveMaya. Kuzivisa veruzhinji kunobatsira kuwana rutsigiro runodiwa kuti pave nemari yekuedza kuri kuitwa pakutsvaga nekuchengetedza.
mhedziso
Kucherwa kwezvicherwa zveMaya muLatin America kunomiririra jira rakaoma rakarukwa kubva mumazana emakore ehungwaru hwevanhu, kusimba, uye hupfumi hwetsika. Kuwanikwa nekudzidza nzvimbo dzeMaya dzakadai seTikal, Chichén Itzá, neCopán kwakawedzera kunzwisisa kwedu nhoroondo yemakore asati asvika Columbia. Pasinei nematambudziko akawanda, hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji uye kushanda pamwe chete kwetsika zvinopa nzira dzakanaka dzekuenderera mberi. Sezvatinodzidza zvakawanda nezveMaya, hatingowani chete ruzivo rwezvakamboitika zvinoshamisa asiwo tinodzidza zvidzidzo zvinokosha zvemazuva ano nezveramangwana.
