Zvekuchera matongo muIjipita nePiramidhi: Kufumura Mireniyamu yeZvakavanzika
Ijipiti, nyika ine zvishamiso zvekare, yave iri nzvimbo inonakidza uye inoferefetwa nenyanzvi kwemazana emakore. Pfuma yayo yekuchera matongo, kunyanya mapiramidhi akanaka kwazvo, inopa mufananidzo wakajeka wetsika inovhiringidza uye inokurudzira. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora nyaya dzekuchera matongo muIjipiti, chichiongorora zvishongo zvakapfuma zvekuwanikwa kwezvinhu, mapiramidhi makuru, uye nzwisiso yakawanikwa kubva muzvisaririra izvi zvekare.
Nzvimbo Yakazvarirwa Zvekuchera Matongo
Ijipiti inogona kunzi ndiyo nzvimbo yekutanga kwezvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvekuchera matongo. Kukosha kwenhoroondo yenyika kwaitozivikanwa kare, asi chirongwa chaNapoleon Bonaparte chekuEgypt mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18 ndicho chakakonzera kufarira kwezvekuchera matongo kwakarongeka. Nyanzvi dzaiperekedza Napoleon dzakanyatsodzidza nekunyora zvivakwa zvekare, zvikaita kuti bhuku rinonzi “Description de l'Égypte” ribudiswe, izvo zvakakurudzira Europe kufarira zveEgyptology.
Kutsanangurwa kweDombo reRosetta naJean-François Champollion muna 1822 kwakaratidza imwe shanduko huru, ichiisa hwaro hweEgyptology yemazuva ano. Dombo reRosetta, rakanyorwa chirevo mumagwaro matatu—chiGiriki, Demotic, uye hieroglyphic—rakavhura mutauro wevaIjipita vekare, nokudaro richivhura mikova yekunzwisisa tsika dzavo.
Mapiramidhi: Nheyo dzekubudirira kwekare
Pakati pezvishamiso zvakawanda zvekuchera matongo muIjipita, mapiramidhi ndiwo anonyanya kuzivikanwa. Zvivakwa zvikuru izvi, zvakavakwa munguva yeHumambo Hwekare (munenge muna 2686 - 2181 BCE), zvaive makuva emadzimambo akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza rwendo rwaFarao akafa kuenda kuhupenyu hwepashure perufu. Piramidhi yega yega yaive chikamu cheimba huru yekufa yaisanganisira matemberi, mapiramidhi ekuwedzera, nezvimwe zvinhu.
Mapiramidhi eGiza
Mapiramidhi eGiza pamwe ndiwo anonyanya kufarirwa pazvivakwa izvi zvekare. Piramidhi Guru, rakavakirwa Farao Khufu (Cheops), chishamiso chekuvaka chakabata pfungwa dzevanhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Kusvika muzana remakore rechi19, raive chivakwa chakareba kupfuura zvose chakagadzirwa nevanhu pasi rose.
Kunzwisisa kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvikuru izvi kwave kuri chinhu chikuru mukutsvaga kwezvinocherwa mumatongo. Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso dzakawanda dziripo, kubvumirana kuripo kwenyanzvi kunoratidza kuti vashandi vakawanda vane hunyanzvi, kwete varanda sezvavanowanzo ratidzwa serudo, ndivo vakavaka mapiramidhi. Zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura mumisha yevashandi nezvivakwa zvinotsigira maonero aya, zvichiratidza kuti paive nehurongwa hwakarongeka, hwakatsigirwa nehurumende pamwe nekupa zvekudya zvevashandi nezvinodiwa zvehutano.
Piramidhi yeKhafre neSphinx
Pedyo nePiramidhi Guru pane Piramidhi yeKhafre, inoonekwa zviri nyore nematombo ayo ekutanga ari pamusoro. Piramidhi iyi inowanzo batanidzwa neGreat Sphinx, chifananidzo chikuru chedombo remestone chine muviri weshumba nemusoro waFarao, anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye Khafre. Chinangwa nechiratidzo cheSphinx zvichiri nyaya dzinokakavadzana, kunyangwe ichionekwa semuchengeti weGiza plateau.
Piramidhi yeNhanho yeDjoser
Chichidzokera shure munguva, Piramidhi reStep reDjoser kuSaqqara rakatangira maPiramidhi eGiza. Rakagadzirwa nemugadziri wezvivakwa Imhotep, chivakwa ichi chinomiririra nguva yakakosha yekushanduka-shanduka mukuvakwa kwemapiramidhi. Pakutanga rakaonekwa seguva remastaba rechinyakare, dhizaini yaro yakashanduka kuita chivakwa chine matanho, ichiisa hwaro hwemapiramidhi ane mativi akatsetseka akatevera.
Zvakawanikwa Munguva Pfupi Yapfuura Nezvekuchera Matongo
Zvekuchera matongo zvekuIjipita hazvisi bhuku rakavharwa. Jecha reIjipita riri kuramba richiburitsa zvinhu zvitsva zvinochinja kunzwisisa kwedu tsika dzekare dzeIjipita.
Guva raTutankhamun
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvakawanikwa muzana remakore rechi20 kwaive kufukunurwa kweguva raTutankhamun muna 1922 naHoward Carter. Kusiyana nemamwe makuva mazhinji, raive risina kukuvadzwa uye rakazara nepfuma yakawanda, zvichipa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pehupfumi, hunyanzvi, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweMambo wechi18.
Guta reGoridhe rakarasika reLuxor
Muna 2021, vanochera matongo vakazivisa kuwanikwa kweguta rine makore 3,000 riri pedyo neLuxor, rainzi "Guta Regoridhe Rakarasika." Guta iri rakachengetedzwa zvakanaka rinotangira pakutonga kwaAmenhotep III uye rinopa mukana wakasiyana wehupenyu hwemaguta muIjipita yekare, richiratidza nzvimbo dzekugara nemaindasitiri, dzine mashopu ekugadzira zvinhu zvehari nenzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinhu.
Mupata weMadzimambo neMadzimambokadzi
Mupata weMadzimambo wakawana pfungwa itsva nekuwanikwa kwemakuva eUmambo Hutsva. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti, makuva evanafarao vakaita saRamses II naSeti I akaratidza mifananidzo yakaoma pamadziro nezvinhu zvepamariro, zvichiratidza tsika dzekare dzekuviga vanhu vekuIjipiti nezvitendero nezvehupenyu hwepashure perufu. Saizvozvowo, Mupata weVanamambokadzi, uko vakadzi vevanafarao vaivigwa, wakaburitsa zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaenzana, kusanganisira guva raMambokadzi Nefertari.
Tekinoroji muArchaeology Yemazuva Ano
Kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji kwakachinja maitiro ekuchera matongo, zvichiita kuti nzira dzekutsvaga dzisashandiswa zvakanyanya dzinochengetedza kunaka kwenzvimbo dzekare. Matekiniki akadai se radar inopinda pasi, 3D imaging, uye satellite remote sensing zvakabatsira vanochera matongo kuwana zvivakwa zvakavigwa nemakamuri akavanzwa pasina kufukunura zvakanyanya.
Semuenzaniso, muon radiography, nzira inoshandisa mwaranzi yemuchadenga, yakashandiswa muna 2017 kuona nzvimbo isina chinhu yaimbozivikanwa mukati meGreat Pyramid of Giza. Kuwanikwa uku kwakamutsa mufaro nekufungidzira nezvechinangwa chayo, zvichisimbisa zvakavanzika zvemapiramidhi zviripo.
Kuchengetedza uye Matambudziko
Kunyange zvazvo pfuma yeIjipita yekare ichibata nyika, inotarisanawo nematambudziko akawanda, anosanganisira kubiwa, kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kumanikidzwa kwekushanya. Kuve nechokwadi chekuti nzvimbo idzi dzakachengetedzwa idambudziko guru. Vakuru veIjipita, pamwe nekubatsirana kwenyika dzese, vakaedza zvakanyanya kuchengetedza pfuma iyi yekare. Mapurojekiti ekuchengetedza, kucherwa kwezvicherwa, uye kugadzwa kwemamiziyamu zvinoita basa rakakosha mukudzivirira nekuratidza nhaka yeIjipita yezvakacherwa kare.
Iyo Grand Egyptian Museum, iyo inotarisirwa kuva iyo museum huru pane dzose pasi rose, inoratidza izvi. Iri pedyo nePiramidhi yeGiza, ine chinangwa chekupa musha wemazuva ano wezvinhu zvakawanda zveEgypt, ichipa nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza dzakanyanya uye ruzivo rwevashanyi rwakanaka.
mhedziso
Zvekuchera matongo muIjipita inzvimbo inoshanduka-shanduka, inogara ichichinja iyo inoramba ichiratidza kupfuma uye kuoma kwetsika dzekare dzeIjipita. Mapiramidhi, zviratidzo zvikuru zvenhaka iyi, anotaura nezvehungwaru uye kudzama kwemweya kwevagadziri vawo. Kuburikidza nekuchera kwakanyatsonaka uye tekinoroji yepamusoro, kuwanikwa kwega kwega kunowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu pamwe chete, kubatanidza pamwe chete mifananidzo mikuru yenguva yakapfuura yeIjipita. Sezvatinofukunura zvakawanda nezvenyika iyi yekare, tinowana kwete chete ruzivo rwenhoroondo asiwo hukama hwakadzama nenhaka yakagovaniswa yevanhu.
