Mbiri Yonse ya Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse
Pendauluan
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, yomwe idayamba mu 1914 mpaka 1918, inali imodzi mwa nkhondo zoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Inakopa chidwi cha dziko lonse lapansi ndipo inakhudza mayiko ambiri, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri ndale, chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Mkanganowu sunangosintha momwe timachitira nkhondo komanso unali ndi zotsatira zazikulu zomwe zinapanga zaka za m'ma 20. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama mbiri yonse ya Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, kuyambira zomwe zinayambitsa ndi momwe nkhondoyo inachitikira mpaka momwe inakhudzira dziko lapansi.
Chiyambi ndi Zomwe Zimayambitsa Nkhondo
Mgwirizano ndi Ufuko
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, ku Ulaya kunali malo okhala maulamuliro akuluakulu omwe anali kupikisana kuti alamulire. Mgwirizano wa Utatu—Britain, France, ndi Russia—unapanga Maulamuliro Atatu Aakulu. Pakadali pano, Germany, Austria-Hungary, ndi Italy zinapanga Mgwirizano wa Utatu. Mikangano pakati pa mabungwe awiriwa inapitirira kukula, chifukwa cha malingaliro ankhanza pakati pa mayiko aku Europe.
Mavuto a ku Balkan
Chigawo cha Balkan chinali chodzaza ndi mikangano ya mafuko komanso dziko lolimba. Ufumu wofooka wa Ottoman unapereka mwayi kwa mayiko a Balkan kuti afune ufulu wodzilamulira ndikukulitsa madera awo. Mavuto a Balkan kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1910 adayipitsa ubale pakati pa mayiko akuluakulu aku Europe, makamaka Austria-Hungary, yomwe inkaona Serbia ngati chiwopsezo.
Kuphedwa kwa Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Chochitika chachikulu chomwe chinayambitsa nkhondoyi chinali kuphedwa kwa Archduke Franz Ferdinand wa ku Austria-Hungary pa June 28, 1914, ku Sarajevo ndi Gavrilo Princip, mzika ya dziko la Serbia. Austria-Hungary inaona izi ngati mwayi wokakamiza Serbia ndipo inapereka chigamulo chokhwima. Pamene Serbia inakana mfundo zingapo za chigamulocho, Austria-Hungary inalengeza nkhondo ku Serbia.
Njira ya Nkhondo
1914: Chiyambi cha Nkhondo
Pamene Austria-Hungary inalengeza nkhondo ndi Serbia pa Julayi 28, 1914, mgwirizano wankhondo unayamba kupangidwa. Russia, bwenzi la Serbia, inasonkhanitsa asilikali ake. Germany, bwenzi la Austria-Hungary, inathandizira mgwirizanowu polengeza nkhondo ndi Russia pa Ogasiti 1, 1914, kenako ku France pa Ogasiti 3, 1914. Britain inalowa nawo mgwirizanowu Germany itaswa mfundo ya Belgium yosalowerera ndale pa Ogasiti 4, 1914.
Nkhondo Kumadzulo: Nkhondo ya Ngalande
Nkhondo ya ku Western Front inasanduka nkhondo ya ngalande, ndipo mbali zonse ziwiri zinakumba ngalande zazitali kuchokera ku North Sea mpaka kumalire a Switzerland. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba ya ku Marne mu Seputembala 1914, mizere yakutsogolo inakhazikika popanda kusintha kwakukulu. Moyo m'ngalande unali woopsa, wokhala ndi mikhalidwe yovuta, makoswe, matenda, ndi kusowa kwa zinthu.
Nkhondo Kum'mawa
Kumbali ya Kum'mawa, zinthu zinali zosinthasintha. Poyamba Russia idapambana motsutsana ndi Austria-Hungary koma idagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi Germany pa Nkhondo ya Tannenberg ndi Nkhondo ya Masurian Lakes. Izi zidawonetsa kupambana kwa Germany pankhondo m'derali.
1915: Nkhondo Ikukula
Mu 1915, kuyesa kuthetsa mkangano pa Western Front kunalephera, ngakhale kuti mpweya wa poizoni unagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Ypres. Eastern Front nayonso inali kusintha, ndipo Germany ndi Austria-Hungary zinayamba kulamulira Russia. Pakadali pano, Italy inali italowa nawo Allies atachoka mu Triple Alliance, zomwe zinawonjezera nthawi ya nkhondo.
Kampeni ya Gallipoli
A Allies anayesa kuukira Ufumu wa Ottoman pofika ku Gallipoli mu Epulo 1915. Komabe, kampeniyo inali yolephera kwambiri ndipo anthu ambiri anavulala ndipo anachoka mu Januwale 1916 popanda zotsatira zabwino.
1916: Nkhondo Yamagazi
Verdun ndi Somme
Chaka cha 1916 chinali ndi nkhondo ziwiri zoopsa kwambiri pankhondoyi: Nkhondo ya Verdun ndi Nkhondo ya Somme. Nkhondo ya Verdun inayamba mu February 1916 ndipo inatenga nthawi yayitali ya chaka, ndipo Afalansa anagwira bwino malo awo olimba koma anawononga kwambiri mbali zonse ziwiri. Nkhondo ya Somme inayamba mu July 1916, kuyesera kuthetsa mavuto ku West koma inatha ndi anthu oposa miliyoni imodzi omwe anaphedwa koma sanapeze zotsatirapo zabwino.
1917: Kusintha kwa Mphamvu
Kusintha kwa Russia
Mu 1917, Revolution ya February inagwetsa Tsar Nicholas II wa ku Russia ndipo inathetsa Ufumu wa Romanov. Boma latsopano la kanthawi linayesa kupitiriza nkhondo koma linakumana ndi kusakhazikika kwa mkati. Revolution ya October inachititsa kuti Bolsheviks, motsogozedwa ndi Vladimir Lenin, amene anasaina Pangano la Brest-Litovsk mu March 1918, zomwe zinathetsa kulowerera kwa Russia mu nkhondoyi.
United States Ikugwira Ntchito
Kuukira kosasankha kwa sitima zapamadzi kochitidwa ndi Germany ndi Zimmerman telex, yomwe idapereka mgwirizano pakati pa Germany ndi Mexico motsutsana ndi United States, kudapangitsa kuti US ilengeze nkhondo ndi Germany pa Epulo 6, 1917. Kufika kwa asilikali aku America ndi chuma chawo kunapereka chilimbikitso chachikulu kwa Allies.
1918: Kumapeto
Ku Western Front, Germany inayambitsa Operation Kaiserschlacht kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1918 kuti ipambane asilikali ambiri aku America asanabwere. Ngakhale kuti poyamba zinayenda bwino, Spring Offensive inatha. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi Allied, yomwe imadziwika kuti Hundred Days Offensive, inayamba kuwononga mphamvu za Germany.
Zotsatira ndi Zotsatira zake
Pofika mu Novembala 1918, dziko la Germany linali litatsala pang'ono kugwa m'dziko lawo komanso pankhondo. Mfumu Wilhelm Wachiwiri anasiya ulamuliro wake, ndipo dziko la Weimar Republic linakhazikitsidwa. Chigwirizano cha Armistice chinasainidwa pa Novembala 11, 1918, chomwe chinathetsa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba.
Pangano la Versailles
Nkhondoyo inatha mwalamulo ndi Pangano la Versailles pa June 28, 1919. Germany inakakamizika kuvomereza udindo wonse pa nkhondoyi ndikulipira ndalama zambiri. Panganoli linasintha mapu a ku Europe ndipo linapanga mavuto ambiri osathetsedwa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse iyambe.
Zotsatira za Anthu ndi Zachuma
Nkhondoyi inachititsa kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aphedwe ndipo inachititsa kuti pakhale mavuto ambiri okhudza thupi ndi maganizo. Pankhani ya zachuma, nkhondoyi inachititsa kuti pakhale mavuto ambiri komanso kusintha kwakukulu pa kayendetsedwe ka chuma padziko lonse. Inapangitsanso kuti anthu ambiri azigwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano wankhondo ndipo inasintha njira yomenyera nkhondo kwamuyaya.
Mapeto
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse inali nkhondo yovuta komanso yodzaza ndi magawo ambiri. Kuchokera ku zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano yandale mpaka ku zotsatira zake zowononga komanso zosintha mbiri, titha kuphunzira zambiri za mtundu wa nkhondo yayikulu. Ngakhale kuti Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse yatha kalekale, zotsatira zake zikumvekabe mpaka pano ndipo zimapereka maphunziro ofunikira kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.
