Chikhalidwe ndi Miyambo ya ku Japan ya ku Edo
Nthawi ya Edo (1603–1868) inali imodzi mwa mitu yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Japan. Mu ulamuliro wa Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan inalowa mu nthawi yayitali ya bata la ndale pambuyo pa zaka mazana ambiri za nkhondo za mafuko. Kukhazikika kumeneku kunapangitsanso chitukuko chapadera cha chikhalidwe: moyo wa m'mizinda unakula, zaluso zachikhalidwe zinakula, ndipo miyambo ya anthu inalimbikitsidwa. Chikhalidwe cha Edo sichili "kale" la Japan kokha, koma maziko omwe akhudza kwambiri umunthu wamakono wa Japan—kuyambira makhalidwe abwino pantchito ndi kukongola mpaka miyambo ya anthu ya tsiku ndi tsiku.
Mbiri ndi Kapangidwe ka Anthu mu Nthawi ya Edo
Atsogoleri a Tokugawa ankalamulira mzinda wa Edo (tsopano ku Tokyo), zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mzindawu ukhale likulu la kayendetsedwe ka boma komanso chuma. Anthu a ku Edo ankadziwika ndi dongosolo lawo lolimba la magulu: a samurai anali pamwamba monga olamulira ndi akuluakulu ankhondo; alimi ankafunika chakudya chawo; ndipo amisiri ndi amalonda anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Komabe, kwenikweni, amalonda m'mizinda ikuluikulu monga Edo, Osaka, ndi Kyoto nthawi zambiri ankalemera kwambiri, chuma chikawayendera bwino.
Kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe kameneka kanakhudza miyambo ndi moyo. A samurai ankatsatira malamulo ndi maudindo a makhalidwe abwino, pomwe anthu a m'tawuni (chonin)—amalonda ndi amisiri—anali ndi ufulu wochulukirapo wopanga chikhalidwe cha zosangalatsa, mafashoni, ndi zaluso zodziwika bwino. Izi zinayambitsa "chikhalidwe cha m'tawuni" chomwe chimadziwika ndi Edo: chosinthasintha, chokonda kugula zinthu, komanso chokonda zosangalatsa.
Moyo wa Mzinda ndi "Ukiyo": Dziko Loyandama
Limodzi mwa malingaliro odziwika bwino a chikhalidwe cha Edo ndi ukiyo, kapena "dziko loyandama," chithunzi cha moyo wodzaza ndi zosangalatsa zosakhalitsa: zisudzo, nyimbo, nyumba zodyera tiyi, zikondwerero, ndi madera osangalatsa monga Yoshiwara ku Edo. M'malo awa, anthu anayamba kuiwala kwakanthawi za miyambo yokhwima ya anthu. Chikhalidwe cha Ukiyo chinalimbikitsa kubuka kwa zaluso zosonyeza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kukongola, ndi mawonekedwe a mizinda.
Komabe, ukiyo-e inali yoposa kungodzikongoletsa chabe. Inalinso chizindikiro cha kusintha kwakukulu: kukwera kwa anthu apakati okhala m'mizinda okhala ndi nthawi yopuma komanso ndalama zosangalalira. Mabuku, timapepala, ndi zosindikizidwa zamatabwa zinakhala njira zofalitsira uthenga ndi zochitika, mofanana ndi "zofalitsa nkhani" za nthawiyo.
Ukiyo-e Zaluso ndi Mabuku Otchuka
Nthawi ya Edo inayambitsa luso lodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi lopanga zosindikizira zamatabwa: ukiyo-e. Njira yosindikizirayi inalola kuti zithunzi zipangidwe mochuluka ndikugulitsidwa pamtengo wotsika, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azisangalala nazo. Mitu ya Ukiyo-e inali yosiyanasiyana kuyambira pazithunzi za ochita sewero a kabuki ndi akazi okongola mpaka malo okongola. Mayina akuluakulu monga Hokusai ndi Hiroshige adachokera ku mwambowu, ndikupanga ntchito zodziwika bwino zomwe pambuyo pake zidakhudza zaluso zaku Europe, kuphatikizapo Impressionism.
M'mabuku, ntchito zodziwika bwino monga mabuku osangalatsa komanso osangalatsa (gesaku) ndi nkhani zoseketsa zomwe zimatsutsa moyo wa anthu nazonso zinakula. Zizolowezi zowerenga zinakula chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa maphunziro a pulayimale, makamaka m'mizinda. Kupezeka kwa terakoya (masukulu ammudzi) kunathandiza ana ambiri—makamaka ochokera m'mabanja amalonda—kuphunzira kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndi masamu, kuthandizira ntchito zamalonda ndi zoyang'anira.
Kabuki ndi Bunraku Theatre
Chikhalidwe cha Edo chinali chogwirizana kwambiri ndi zisudzo. Kabuki inakhala njira yotchuka kwambiri yosangalalira, yokhala ndi sewero, kuvina, nyimbo, ndi mapangidwe okongola a siteji. Ochita sewero a Kabuki anakhala ngati "otchuka" a nthawi imeneyo—nkhope ndi masitayelo awo zinasanduka zosatha mu ukiyo-e. Kabuki analinso ndi malamulo enaake okongola: zodzoladzola zolemera, machitidwe osewerera, ndi nkhani zomwe zinkasonyeza kusamvana pakati pa udindo wa anthu (giri) ndi malingaliro aumwini (ninjo).
Kupatula kabuki, bunraku, kapena zisudzo za zidole, zinakula kwambiri, makamaka ku Osaka. Bunraku inali ndi zidole zazikulu zomwe zinkayendetsedwa ndi osewera zidole, zomwe zinkatsatiridwa ndi nkhani (joruri) ndi nyimbo za shamisen. Ngakhale kuti nkhanizi zinali za zidole, nthawi zambiri zinkakhudza mitu ya makhalidwe abwino, chikondi chomvetsa chisoni, ndi mavuto a anthu—zosonyeza zenizeni zamaganizo za anthu a ku Edo.
Makhalidwe a Samurai ndi Cholowa cha Bushido
Ngakhale kuti nthawi ya Edo inali yamtendere pang'ono, gulu la samurai linapitirizabe kukhala ndi udindo waukulu monga oyang'anira ndi zizindikiro za mphamvu. Makhalidwe abwino a Samurai—omwe nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa mwachidule mu lingaliro la bushido—anagogomezera kukhulupirika, ulemu, chilango, ndi kudziletsa. Mwachizoloŵezi, makhalidwe amenewa anakhudza chikhalidwe cha ntchito ndi makhalidwe abwino, ngakhale kuposa gulu la samurai.
Ubwino wa ulemu umaonekeranso m'miyambo ya anthu: kulankhula mwaulemu, kulemekeza akuluakulu, komanso kugogomezera udindo wa banja ndi anthu ammudzi. Nkhani zingapo zodziwika bwino zochokera mu nthawi ya Edo, monga nthano ya 47 ronin, zimalimbitsa nkhani ya kukhulupirika ndi kudzipereka yomwe ikupitilira kukhalapo mu chikhalidwe cha ku Japan lerolino.
Zikondwerero, Chipembedzo, ndi Miyambo ya Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Miyambo ya Edo inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kalendala ya zikondwerero ndi miyambo yachipembedzo. Chishinto ndi Chibuda zinalipo nthawi imodzi, zomwe zinakhudza miyambo kuyambira kubadwa mpaka ukwati mpaka imfa. Zikondwerero (matsuri) zinakhala zikondwerero za anthu ammudzi zomwe zinalimbitsa ubale wa anthu. Maulendo a mikoshi (malo opatulika onyamulika), zisudzo za nyimbo, ndi ziwonetsero zinali zofala, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale chikondwerero mumzindawo.
M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino zinkasungidwa mosamala. Moni, makhalidwe abwino a alendo, komanso chizolowezi chosambira m'malo osambira anthu onse (sento) chinapanga chikhalidwe cha anthu onse. Sento sinali malo odziyeretsera okha, komanso malo ochezera anthu komwe anthu okhalamo ankakumana ndikucheza. Miyambo yophikira inakulanso: malo ogulitsira soba, tempura, ndi sushi (edomae-zushi) okhala ndi kalembedwe ka Edo anakhala otchuka ngati chakudya chofulumira cha m'mizinda, chomwe chimaperekedwa mosavuta kwa ogwira ntchito ndi amalonda.
Mafashoni, Kukongola, ndi Zaluso
Mafashoni a ku Edo ankalamulidwa ndi ma kimono, okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosonyeza nyengo, udindo, ndi kukoma. Amalonda, ngakhale kuti anali a gulu lotsika, nthawi zambiri ankasanduka anthu oyambitsa mafashoni. Anapanga mawonekedwe okongola otchedwa iki: kalembedwe kosavuta koma kokongola, osati kokongola kwambiri, koma kokhala ndi mtundu winawake. Mitundu yakuda ndi mitundu yobisika nthawi zambiri ankasankhidwa chifukwa cha kukongola popanda kuwonetsa chuma moonekera—popeza malamulo ankaletsa kukongola kwambiri.
Ntchito zamanja zinakulanso, monga kupanga mapepala a washi, zoumba, zophimba nsalu, ndi nsalu. Katunduyu ankagulitsidwa kwambiri ndipo anakhala zizindikiro za khalidwe la ku Japan. Chikhalidwe cha luso (shokunin kishitsu), luso lomwe linkalimbikitsa ungwiro, chinayamba kuzika mizu panthawiyi.
Kutseka: Cholowa cha Edo cha Japan Yamakono
Chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya ku Edo ku Japan ndi njira yapadera yolumikizirana pakati pa dongosolo la anthu pansi pa ulamuliro wa shogunate ndi luso lalikulu la anthu okhala mumzindawu. Kumbali imodzi, panali dongosolo lokhwima la magulu, makhalidwe abwino, ndi chilango; kumbali ina, panali kukula kwa zaluso zodziwika bwino, zisudzo, zojambula zamatabwa, komanso chakudya cham'misewu. Nthawi ya Edo inatiphunzitsa kuti kukhazikika kwa ndale kungathandize kupanga zatsopano zachikhalidwe, pomwe moyo wa m'mizinda unapanga malo osangalalira ndi kuwonetsa luso.
Cholowa cha Edo chikadali chodziwika bwino mpaka pano. Kabuki ikuchitidwabe, ukiyo-e imaphunziridwa ndikusonkhanitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo malingaliro okongola monga iki amakhudza kapangidwe kamakono ka ku Japan. Ngakhale miyambo ya anthu—kuyambira momwe timachitira zinthu m'dera mpaka kuyamikira ntchito yosamala—ili ndi zizindikiro zazikulu za nthawi ya Edo. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha Edo ndiko kumvetsetsa chimodzi mwa mizu yofunika kwambiri ya Japan yamakono.
