Kusintha kwa Russia ndi Chiyambi cha Soviet Union
Kusintha kwa Russia mu 1917 kunali chimodzi mwa zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yamakono, osati kungosintha njira ya Russia komanso kukhazikitsa maziko a kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Union. Kusinthaku kunali ndi magawo awiri akuluakulu: Kusintha kwa February ndi Kusintha kwa October. Zonsezi zinabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu m'dziko la Russia ndipo zinathetsa ulamuliro wa mafumu a Romanov kwa zaka zoposa mazana atatu. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mbiri yakale, zochitika zazikulu, ndi zotsatira zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Soviet Union iyambe.
Mbiri ya Kusintha kwa Russia
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, dziko la Russia linali lalikulu koma linali losakhazikika m'mbali zingapo. Ngakhale kuti linali ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, dziko la Russia linali losakhazikika kumbuyo kwa Europe pankhani ya mafakitale ndi ukadaulo. Anthu ambiri anali alimi omwe ankakhala mu umphawi, ndipo kusakhutira ndi ulamuliro wa Tsar Nicholas II kunali kukula.
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse inali choyambitsa chachikulu cha Kusintha kwa Chisinthiko cha Russia. Kulowerera kwa Russia mu nkhondoyi kunapangitsa kuti chuma chigwe, kusowa kwa chakudya, komanso anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aphedwe. Kusakhutira ndi boma la Tsar Nicholas II kunakula chifukwa cha kulephera kwake kuthetsa mavutowa. Nthawi yomweyo, maganizo osintha zinthu ndi malingaliro a Marxist anayamba kukopa anthu anzeru komanso ogwira ntchito.
Kusintha kwa February 1917
Kusintha kwa February mu 1917 kunayamba ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu ku Petrograd (tsopano St. Petersburg) kumapeto kwa February (kalendala ya Julian), zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi kusowa kwa chakudya komanso kusakhutira ndi boma la Tsarist. Ziwonetserozi zinasanduka chiwembu, ndipo asilikali omwe anatumizidwa kuti akathetse ziwonetserozo anaukira otsutsa.
Pa 2 Marichi, 1917 (pa 15 Marichi mu kalendala ya Gregory), Tsar Nicholas II anakakamizika kusiya udindo wake. Kuthetsedwa kwa ufumu kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti ufumu wa Romanov uthe, ndipo Boma Lokhazikika linakhazikitsidwa, lopangidwa ndi mamembala a Duma (nyumba yamalamulo ya Russia) ndi magulu angapo a demokalase ya ufulu ndi chikhalidwe. Komabe, Boma Lokhazikika linakumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nkhondo yopitirira, chisokonezo chamkati, ndi kukakamizidwa ndi magulu osintha zinthu mwachangu.
Kusintha kwa Okutobala kwa 1917
Pamene Boma Lokhazikika linkavutika kuti libwezeretse ulamuliro, a Bolshevik, otsogozedwa ndi Vladimir Lenin, anapitirizabe kupeza chithandizo. Lenin, atabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo mu Epulo 1917, anayambitsa kugwa kwa Boma Lokhazikika ndi mawu akuti mtendere, nthaka, ndi mkate. A Bolshevik anakwanitsa kukopa chithandizo kuchokera kwa anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito komanso asilikali omwe anali okhumudwa ndi Boma Lokhazikika.
Kusintha kwa Okutobala kunachitika mwachangu komanso mopanda kutsutsa kwenikweni. Usiku wa Okutobala 25-26 (kalendala ya Julian), asilikali a Bolshevik adalanda malo ofunikira ku Petrograd, kuphatikizapo Nyumba Yachifumu ya Winter, likulu la Boma Lokhazikika. Boma ili linagwa, ndipo a Bolshevik adatenga mphamvu. Vladimir Lenin nthawi yomweyo adalengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Russian Soviet Republic.
Kupangidwa kwa Soviet Union
Atatenga mphamvu, udindo wa a Bolshevik sunali wongowonjezera mphamvu zawo zandale komanso kuthetsa mavuto a dzikolo. Malamulo a mtendere ndi malo a Lenin, omwe adaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Okutobala, anayesa kuthana ndi nkhani zina zofunika kwambiri: mtendere kwa gulu lankhondo lomwe lidatopa ndi nkhondo komanso kugawa malo kwa alimi.
Komabe, kupambana kwa Bolshevik sikunavomerezedwe ndi aliyense. Izi zinayambitsa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ya ku Russia pakati pa Red Army (Bolsheviks) ndi White Army (otsutsa Bolsheviks), yomwe inayamba mu 1917 mpaka 1923. Nkhondo yapachiweniweniyi inali yankhanza kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri afe chifukwa cha nkhondo komanso njala. Komabe, pamapeto pake, Red Army inagonjetsa adani ake ndipo inalimbitsa mphamvu za Bolshevik pa gawo lalikulu la Ufumu wakale wa Russia.
Mu Disembala 1922, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) inakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo. Inali ndi ma republic anayi oyambitsa: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, ndi Transcaucasian Federation (yomwe pambuyo pake inagawidwa kukhala Georgia, Armenia, ndi Azerbaijan). Kupangidwa kwa Soviet Union kunasonyeza kulimbitsa mphamvu za Bolshevik ndi kudzipereka kwawo ku mfundo za Marxist, ndipo Lenin ndiye mtsogoleri wake woyamba.
Boma ndi Ndondomeko Zoyambirira za Soviet
Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Union, boma latsopanoli linakumana ndi ntchito yaikulu yomanganso dziko lomwe linawonongedwa ndi nkhondo yapadziko lonse komanso nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Chimodzi mwa njira zoyambirira zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni chinali ndondomeko ya "Nkhondo Yachikomyunizimu," yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti ilamulire chuma ndikuwonetsetsa kuti asilikali a Red Army ndi anthu okhala m'mizinda akupeza zofunikira. Komabe, ndondomekoyi idapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asakhutire chifukwa idapangitsa kuti alimi alande kwambiri zokolola zawo ndikuyambitsa njala yayikulu.
Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, Lenin adayambitsa Ndondomeko Yatsopano Yachuma (NEP) mu 1921, yomwe idamasula maulamuliro ena aboma ndikulola malonda aulere ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono. NEP idabwezeretsa bwino chuma cha Soviet ku mulingo wankhondo isanachitike mkati mwa zaka zochepa, komanso idayambitsa mkangano pakati pa atsogoleri a Bolshevik pankhani ya tsogolo la zachuma zachisosholisti.
Pamene Lenin anamwalira mu 1924, mkangano wokhudza kulowa m'malo mwa chipani cha Communist unakula kwambiri. Pomaliza pake, Joseph Stalin analowa m'malo mwa Lenin kukhala mtsogoleri wa chipani ndi boma. Mu ulamuliro wa Stalin, Soviet Union inasintha kwambiri kudzera mu mafakitale ofulumira komanso kuphatikiza ulimi, ngakhale kuti izi zinawononga miyoyo ya anthu ndi ufulu wawo.
Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Russia ndi Kupangidwa kwa Soviet Union
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Union kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu osati ku Russia kokha komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Soviet Union inayamba kukhala dziko lamphamvu kwambiri lomwe lingathe kutsutsa ulamuliro wa dziko la capitalist, makamaka United States. Malingaliro a Marxism-Leninism anafalikira kwambiri ndipo anakhudza magulu osintha zinthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusintha kwa dziko la Russia kunayambitsanso mkangano ndi kuganizira m'maiko ambiri za njira zabwino kwambiri zandale ndi zachuma zomwe zingathandize anthu awo kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. M'malo ambiri, kukwera kwa Soviet Union kunalimbikitsa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi kasosholisiti kuti afune kusintha kwakukulu m'magulu awo.
Pakadali pano, m'dziko muno, Soviet Union motsogozedwa ndi Stalin inapitiriza kutsatira mfundo zankhanza komanso zopondereza kuti ikwaniritse zolinga zake. Ngakhale kuti inatsutsidwa ndi kuzunzidwa, monga Great Purge ndi njala yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi kukakamizidwa kuphatikizana, Soviet Union inapulumuka ndipo inachita gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya zaka za m'ma 20, kuphatikizapo kugonjetsedwa kwa Nazi Germany pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Mapeto
Kusintha kwa Russia ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Union zinali nthawi zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri zomwe zinakhudza mbali zambiri za ndale, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a dziko lamakono. Kuyambira kugwa kwa ufumu wa Romanov mpaka kukwera kwa boma loyamba la Marxist padziko lonse lapansi, zochitika izi sizinangosintha tsogolo la Russia komanso zinawonetsa nthawi yatsopano m'mbiri ya dziko lonse. Ngakhale kuti panali zovuta ndi mikangano, cholowa cha Kusintha kwa Russia ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Union chikadali chofunikira lerolino, kupereka maphunziro ofunikira okhudza mphamvu, malingaliro, ndi kulimbana kwa anthu kuti asinthe.
