Nkhani ya Ulendo wa Marco Polo ku China
Pegantar
Marco Polo anali wofufuza malo wa ku Venetian wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha ulendo wake wodabwitsa wopita ku China m'zaka za m'ma 13. Maulendo ake amafotokozedwa m'buku lakuti "Il Milione," lodziwika bwino kuti "Maulendo a Marco Polo." Bukuli silinangopereka chithunzi chapadera cha Asia panthawiyo, komanso linalimbikitsa mibadwo ya ofufuza malo ndipo linayambitsa malingaliro a ambiri ku Europe okhudza dziko lakutali komanso lachilendo.
Mbiri ya Banja
Marco Polo anabadwa mu 1254 ku Venice, umodzi mwa mizinda yotchuka kwambiri ku Italy. Banja lake linali la amalonda opambana omwe nthawi zambiri ankayenda kwambiri kukachita malonda. Bambo ake, Niccolò Polo, ndi amalume ake, Maffeo Polo, anali amalonda omwe kale ankapita ku Asia, kuphatikizapo China.
Marco ali mwana, bambo ake ndi amalume ake anayamba ulendo wautali wopita ku Asia mu 1260. Anafika ku China ndipo anakumana ndi Kublai Khan, mfumu ya ufumu wa Yuan panthawiyo. Atabwerera ku Venice, Marco, yemwe panthawiyo anali ndi zaka 15 zokha, anakopeka ndi nkhani zawo za dziko lalikulu lakum'mawa lodzaza ndi chuma ndi mwayi.
Ulendo wopita ku China
Mu 1271, Marco Polo anayamba ulendo wake wopita ku China ndi abambo ake ndi amalume ake. Anachoka ku Venice n’kupita ku Acre, mzinda wa doko womwe uli ku Palestine masiku ano. Kuchokera kumeneko, anayenda mkati mwa dzikolo kudzera ku Persia (tsopano Iran) ndi kudutsa m’madera ovuta a ku Central Asia.
Ulendo wawo unatenga zaka zitatu ndi theka, kudutsa zopinga zambiri monga zipululu zopanda kanthu, mapiri ataliatali, ndi nyengo yoipa kwambiri. Paulendo wawo, Marco Polo analemba mwatsatanetsatane za zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, zipembedzo, ndi madera omwe anakumana nawo. Zolemba zimenezi zinapereka chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali chomwe sichinkadziwika kawirikawiri kumayiko akumadzulo panthawiyo.
Kufika ku Nyumba ya Kublai Khan
Atayenda makilomita ambirimbiri, pamapeto pake anafika ku khoti la Kublai Khan ku Khanbaliq (tsopano ku Beijing) mu 1275. Kublai Khan anawalandira bwino kwambiri ndipo anachita chidwi ndi chidziwitso ndi nkhani zomwe banja la Polo linabweretsa. Ndipotu, Kublai Khan anasangalala kwambiri ndi Marco Polo kotero kuti anasankhidwa kukhala kazembe komanso woimira wodalirika kuti achite ntchito zosiyanasiyana zofunika mkati mwa ufumuwo.
Pa nthawi ya utumiki wake pansi pa Kublai Khan, Marco Polo anali ndi mwayi woyendera madera ambiri a ufumu waukuluwo. Anapita kumadera monga Yunnan kum'mwera kwa China, Tibet, komanso mwina Burma (Myanmar) ndi India. Kuyang'ana kwake bwino za malo, chuma, ndi moyo wa anthu m'madera amenewa kunapatsa dziko la Kumadzulo chidziwitso chakuya cha Asia.
Chiwonetsero cha China mu "Il Milione"
M'buku lake lakuti "Il Milione," Marco Polo akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za China ndi chuma chake. Zina mwa izi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zamapepala mofala, kusiyana kwakukulu ndi kayendetsedwe ka zachuma ku Europe panthawiyo, komwe kunkalamulidwabe ndi kusinthana ndalama zachitsulo. Marco Polo akufotokozanso za Mzinda Woletsedwa, nyumba yachifumu yokongola yomwe inali likulu la boma komanso malo okhala mfumu.
Marco Polo analembanso za ukadaulo ndi zatsopano zomwe adakumana nazo ku China, monga ufa wa mfuti, kampasi, ndi kusindikiza. Anafotokozanso za njira zamakono zaulimi, ngalande zothirira, ndi minda yobala zipatso. Mafotokozedwe amenewa adapatsa anthu aku Europe malingaliro atsopano okhudza momwe chitukuko cha ku China chinalili chapamwamba komanso chotukuka panthawiyo.
Moyo wa Anthu ndi Chikhalidwe
Pa nthawi imene anali ku China, Marco Polo anaphunziranso za chikhalidwe cha anthu aku China cholemera komanso chosiyanasiyana. Anafotokoza za moyo wa anthu wozikidwa pa malamulo ndi makhalidwe abwino a Confucian. Miyambo ndi miyambo yaku China, kuyambira paukwati mpaka pa zikondwerero, zonse zinapezeka m'zolemba zake.
Marco anaonanso zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana zachipembedzo ku China, kuphatikizapo Chibuda, Chitao, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipembedzo zachikhalidwe. Anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kulekerera kwachipembedzo komwe Kublai Khan analimbikitsa, yemwe analola zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana kukhala pamodzi mwamtendere pansi pa ulamuliro wake.
Mphamvu ndi Mkangano
Atakhala zaka pafupifupi 17 ku China, banja la a Polo linaganiza zobwerera ku Venice. Anayenda ulendo wawo wapanyanja, kudutsa m'madera monga Sumatra, India, ndi Persia. Ulendo wobwerera kwawo unawonjezera mutu wina ku nkhani yawo yodabwitsa.
Pomaliza pake Marco Polo anabwerera ku Venice mu 1295. Atangobwerera, anayamba kumenyana pakati pa Venice ndi Genoa ndipo anagwidwa. Ali m'ndende ku Genoa, anakumana ndi wolemba dzina lake Rustichello da Pisa. Pamodzi, anayamba kulemba mbiri ya maulendo a Marco Polo, omwe anadziwika kuti "Il Milione."
Bukuli, ngakhale kuti linali lodziwika kwambiri, linayambitsanso mkangano waukulu. Ambiri ku Ulaya anali kukayikira za zoona za nkhani za Marco Polo. Iwo ankaona kuti mafotokozedwe a China anali odabwitsa kwambiri moti sangakhulupiriridwe. Komabe, pamene nthawi inkapita ndipo chidziwitso chochuluka chokhudza Asia chinayamba, nkhani zambiri za Marco Polo zinakhala zolondola komanso zamtengo wapatali.
Cholowa cha Marco Polo
Cholowa cha Marco Polo, m'mbiri yonse ya kufufuza zinthu zakale komanso ubale pakati pa Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo, n'chozama kwambiri. "Il Milione" yake inakhala buku lofunika kwambiri kwa ofufuza zinthu zakale monga Christopher Columbus, omwe analimbikitsidwa kufunafuna njira yapanyanja yopita ku Asia. Kuphatikiza apo, zolemba za Marco Polo zinapereka chidziwitso chakuya komanso choyambirira cha zinthu za moyo ku Asia zomwe panthawiyo sizinkadziwika kwenikweni kwa anthu akumadzulo.
Zolemba zake zinathandizanso kutsegula chitseko cha kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe ndi chidziwitso pakati pa maiko akumadzulo ndi akum'mawa. Mpaka lero, nkhani ya Marco Polo ikugwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha kupirira kwa anthu, kulimba mtima, komanso chidwi chopanda malire.
Mwachidule, maulendo a Marco Polo ndi phunziro pa kufunika komvetsetsana komanso kudziwana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Anasonyeza kuti ngakhale titachokera m'mabanja osiyanasiyana, tingaphunzire kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake ndikukula limodzi.
Kutseka
Nkhani ya ulendo wa Marco Polo wopita ku China si nkhani yongopeka chabe. Ndi nkhani yokhudza kupeza zinthu zatsopano ndi kumvetsetsa. Kuchokera ku Venice kupita ku China komanso mobwerezabwereza, maulendo ake adatseka kusiyana pakati pa Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo, kupereka chidziwitso chosayerekezeka pa zitukuko zosiyanasiyana. Mpaka lero, Marco Polo akadali m'modzi mwa ofufuza otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri, ndipo mbiri ya moyo wake ikupitilizabe kulimbikitsa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
