Ufulu wa India kuchokera ku Britain
Kudziyimira pawokha kwa India kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa Britain kunali chimodzi mwa zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya zaka za m'ma 20. Unali ulendo wautali, wodzaza ndi mikangano yokhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ochokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zipembedzo, ndi chikhalidwe. India sinapeze ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kudzera mu chochitika chimodzi, koma m'malo mwake kudzera mu kayendetsedwe ka ndale, ziwonetsero zazikulu, zokambirana, ndi kusintha kwa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi zomwe pamapeto pake zidakakamiza Britain kuthetsa ukoloni ku India. Pa Ogasiti 15, 1947, India idalandira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, koma ufuluwu unabweretsanso kugawikana kwa Pakistan, kusiya zipsera zokhalitsa zachikhalidwe ndi ndale.
Mbiri ya Ulamuliro wa Britain ku India
Ulamuliro wa Britain ku India unayamba ndi ntchito zamalonda za East India Company (EIC) m'zaka za m'ma 17. Poyamba kampaniyo inkafuna kupeza phindu la zachuma kudzera mu malonda a zonunkhira, nsalu, ndi zinthu zina. Komabe, pamene maufumu am'deralo anali kufooka ndipo mphamvu zankhondo za EIC zinkakula, kampaniyo inayamba kulowerera ndale komanso kulanda ulamuliro wa madera ofunikira. Kupambana kwa EIC pa Nkhondo ya Plassey mu 1757 nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa ngati kusintha komwe kunalimbitsa ulamuliro wa Britain ku Bengal ndikutsegula njira yolamulira kwambiri.
Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, mphamvu za East India Company zinali zitakhazikika, koma zinayambitsanso kusakhutira kwakukulu. Ndondomeko zokhoma misonkho yambiri, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi zochita zomwe zinkaonedwa ngati zonyoza miyambo yakomweko zinapangitsa mkwiyo. Izi zinapangitsa kuti India Rebellion ya mu 1857—yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "Sepoy Mutiny"—yomwe inkaphatikizapo asilikali aku India motsogozedwa ndi Britain ndi magulu osiyanasiyana ammudzi. Pambuyo poti zigawengazo zathetsedwa, Britain inathetsa East India Company ndikuyamba kulamulira mwachindunji. Kuyambira mu 1858, India inali pansi pa British Raj.
Zotsatira za Ukoloni: Zachuma, Zachikhalidwe, ndi Zandale
Ukoloni wa ku Britain unabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pa kayendetsedwe ka zachuma ku India. A Britain anamanga zomangamanga monga njanji, mizere ya telegraph, ndi dongosolo lamakono loyendetsera zinthu. Komabe, izi zinali cholinga chachikulu pa zofuna za atsamunda: kuthandiza kunyamula zinthu zopangira ndi zinthu zaulimi kupita ku madoko kuti zitumizidwe ku Britain, komanso kukulitsa misika ya zinthu zamafakitale zaku Britain ku India.
Motero, mafakitale ambiri achikhalidwe aku India, makamaka nsalu, adatsika. Ndondomeko zachuma zachikoloni zinawonjezeranso umphawi ndi kusatetezeka ku njala. Njala zazikulu zingapo zidachitika nthawi ya akoloni, ndipo ngakhale kuti zifukwa zake ndi zovuta, akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti mfundo zamisonkho, kugawa bwino chakudya, komanso chuma chochokera kunja kwa dzikolo zidakulitsa kuvutika kwa anthu.
Mu gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ndale, a ku Britain adayambitsa maphunziro akumadzulo ndipo adapanga mwayi woti pakhale gulu la anthu ophunzira lomwe pambuyo pake lidakhala mphamvu yoyendetsera gulu ladziko. Kumbali ina, mfundo ya "kugawa ndi kulamulira" nthawi zambiri inkakulitsa kusiyana pakati pa madera, makamaka pakati pa Ahindu ndi Asilamu, zomwe pambuyo pake zidatenga gawo lalikulu pakugawa India.
Kuyamba kwa Udziko wa Amwenye
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, gulu lamakono la dziko linayamba ku India. Limodzi mwa mabungwe ofunikira kwambiri linali Indian National Congress (INC), lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1885. Poyamba, INC inkayang'ana kwambiri pa kusintha pang'onopang'ono ndipo inkafuna kuti Amwenye azitenga nawo mbali kwambiri mu ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Komabe, pamene nthawi inkapita ndipo kuponderezedwa kwa atsamunda kunakula, zofuna zimenezi zinasanduka pempho lodzilamulira kwathunthu.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, magulu osiyanasiyana otsutsa adabuka, kuphatikizapo gulu la Swadeshi (zinthu zapakhomo) lomwe lidayamba pambuyo pa kugawidwa kwa Bengal ndi Britain mu 1905. Kugawidwaku kunkaonedwa ngati kuyesa kugawa anthu ndikufooketsa gulu ladziko. Swadeshi idalimbikitsa kusagula katundu waku Britain ndipo idakhala chizindikiro cha kukana zachuma.
Kupatula INC, gulu la Asilamu linakhazikitsanso bungwe la ndale lotchedwa All-India Muslim League mu 1906. Poyamba chipanichi chinali ndi cholinga choteteza zofuna za Asilamu mu ndale za ku India, koma pambuyo pake chinasanduka chochirikiza lingaliro la dziko losiyana la Asilamu, lomwe ndi Pakistan.
Udindo wa Mahatma Gandhi ndi Ndondomeko Yopanda Chiwawa
Munthu wodziwika kwambiri pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wa dziko la India anali Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, yemwenso amadziwika kuti Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi adapanga lingaliro la satyagraha, kukana kudzera mu choonadi komanso kusakhala ndi chiwawa. Njira imeneyi sinali yopanda ntchito, koma inali njira yodziyimira payokha, kuphatikizapo ziwonetsero, kunyanyala, ziwonetsero zamtendere, komanso kukana kugwirizana ndi boma la atsamunda.
Gandhi anatsogolera magulu akuluakulu angapo, monga Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), yomwe inalimbikitsa Amwenye kukana kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a atsamunda. Anatsogoleranso Salt March, kapena Dandi March (1930), chiwonetsero chosonyeza kutsutsa ulamuliro wa Britain wokha wa mchere. Ulendo wautali wopita kugombe kukapanga mchere wawo unakhala chizindikiro cha kukana komwe kunakopa chidwi cha mayiko ambiri.
Magulu a Gandhi adakwanitsa kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri ochokera m'mitundu yonse: alimi, antchito, amalonda, komanso ophunzira. Anagogomezeranso mgwirizano wa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ndipo anakana chiwawa cha anthu ammudzi. Komabe, kusunga mgwirizanowu kunakhala kovuta kwambiri pamene mikangano pakati pa anthu ammudzi inkakula.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndi Kusintha kwa Mkhalidwe Padziko Lonse
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse (1939–1945) inayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa kayendetsedwe ka atsamunda. Britain inkafunika thandizo la madera ake, kuphatikizapo India, kuti ithane ndi Germany ndi Japan. Komabe, atsogoleri ambiri aku India adafuna kuti thandizoli liperekedwe limodzi ndi lonjezo la ufulu wodzilamulira. Pamene pempholi silinakwaniritsidwe, bungwe la INC linayambitsa gulu la Quit India (1942), lomwe linkapempha kuti Britain ituluke nthawi yomweyo.
A British adayankha ku gululi mwa kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo a Gandhi ndi atsogoleri ena a INC. Ngakhale gululi linaletsedwa, mzimu wotsutsa unapitirirabe. Pakadali pano, nkhondoyi inafooketsanso chuma cha Britain ndipo inawonjezera mavuto m'madera osiyanasiyana. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, Britain idakumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu pakusunga madera ake, zomwe zinawonjezeka chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwa mayiko ena kuti achotse ulamuliro wa atsamunda.
Kupita ku Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndi Kugawa kwa India
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1940, zokambirana zolimba pakati pa Britain, INC, ndi Muslim League zinakhala zopambana kwambiri. Jawaharlal Nehru anali munthu wofunikira mu INC, pomwe Muhammad Ali Jinnah ankatsogolera Muslim League. Jinnah ananenetsa kuti Asilamu amafunikira boma losiyana kuti atsimikizire ufulu wawo ndi chitetezo chawo, pomwe atsogoleri ambiri a INC ankakonda India yogwirizana.
Mavuto anakula kwambiri mpaka kufika pa chiwawa m'madera osiyanasiyana. Pomaliza pake Britain inaganiza zofulumizitsa kusamutsa mphamvu. Ndondomeko yogawa dziko la India inakonzedwa, ndipo pa Ogasiti 15, 1947, mayiko awiri odziyimira pawokha anabadwa: India ndi Pakistan (yomwe panthawiyo inali West Pakistan ndi East Pakistan, yomwe inadzakhala Bangladesh mu 1971).
Kugawikana kumeneku kunayambitsa kusamuka kwakukulu: Ahindu ndi Asikh mamiliyoni ambiri anasamukira ku India, pomwe Asilamu mamiliyoni ambiri anasamukira ku Pakistan. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi chiwawa, kupha anthu, ndi tsoka la anthu lomwe linapha anthu ambiri. Kudziyimira pawokha, komwe kuyenera kukhala mphindi yopambana, kunasanduka nthawi yachisoni kwa mabanja ambiri.
Tanthauzo la Ufulu Wachi India
Ufulu wa India unali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi. India inasonyeza kuti mphamvu za atsamunda aku Europe zitha kugonjetsedwa kudzera m'magulu akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo njira zopanda chiwawa. Kupambana kwa India kunalimbikitsa mayiko ambiri ku Asia ndi Africa kuti amenyere ufulu wawo.
Kwa India yokha, ufulu wodzilamulira unayambitsa nkhondo yatsopano: kumanga dziko la demokalase, kuthana ndi umphawi, kulumikiza chigawo chachikulu komanso chosiyanasiyana, ndikusunga bata pakati pa mkangano womwe ukuchitika ndi Pakistan, makamaka pankhani ya Kashmir. Komabe, India inawonetsanso kulimba mtima pandale mwa kusunga dongosolo lake la demokalase ndikupeza chitukuko mwachangu m'magawo osiyanasiyana m'zaka makumi angapo zotsatira.
Kutseka
Kudziyimira pawokha kwa India kuchokera ku Britain ndi nkhani yokhudza kulimba mtima, dongosolo, ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwa dziko lomwe linakana kugonjera ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Ulendo wopita ku Ogasiti 15, 1947, unali wodzaza ndi kudzipereka, mayendedwe ovuta andale, ndi kusintha kwapadziko lonse komwe kunapangitsa kuti dziko lichotsedwe m'manja mwa atsamunda. Ngakhale kuti kudziyimira pawokha kunatsagana ndi tsoka la kugawikana ndi chiwawa cha anthu ammudzi, India inakhala dziko lalikulu lomwe linali ndi mphamvu yaikulu padziko lonse lapansi. Mbiri ya kudziyimira pawokha kwa India imatikumbutsa kuti ufulu nthawi zambiri umachokera ku nkhondo yayitali, ndipo kuti kumanga umodzi pambuyo pa kudziyimira pawokha ndikofunikira monga momwe kupeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha.
