Nkhondo ya Nelson Mandela Yolimbana ndi Tsankho
Nelson Mandela ndi munthu wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi tsankho, njira ya tsankho la mafuko ku South Africa. Moyo wake unali wodzaza ndi mavuto, kudzipereka, komanso kudzipereka kwa anthu ndi chilungamo. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mozama za nkhondo ya Mandela yolimbana ndi tsankho komanso momwe khama lake losatopa linasinthira South Africa ndi dziko lonse lapansi.
Mbiri ya Tsankho
Tsankho linali dongosolo la malamulo ku South Africa kuyambira mu 1948 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 lomwe linkagawa anthu kutengera mtundu wawo. Dongosololi linaika azungu pamwamba pa anthu akuda, aku Asia, ndi amitundu yosiyanasiyana, zomwe zinawapatsa mwayi wochulukirapo. Anthu akuda, omwe anali ambiri mwa anthu, ankazunzidwa, ankazunzidwa, komanso ankasalidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Analetsedwa kulowa m'malo omwewo monga azungu, ankalandira chithandizo chosagwirizana m'maphunziro ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndipo ankakakamizika kukhala m'malo osiyana, omwe nthawi zambiri sankakhala anthu.
Chiyambi cha Nkhondo ya Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela anabadwa pa Julayi 18, 1918, ku Mvezo, mudzi waung'ono m'chigawo cha Eastern Cape ku South Africa. Wochokera m'banja lachifumu la Thembu, Mandela adakumana ndi nkhani za ungwazi ndi chilungamo kuyambira ali mwana. Atalowa m'sukulu, adapeza mwayi wophunzira zamalamulo ku University of Fort Hare ndipo pambuyo pake ku University of the Witwatersrand.
Mu 1944, Mandela adalowa nawo mu African National Congress (ANC), bungwe lodzipereka kumenyera ufulu wa anthu akuda ku South Africa. Anayambitsanso bungwe la ANC Youth League, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kuti liyambe gulu lofuna chilungamo komanso lamphamvu kwambiri.
Kampeni Yolimbana ndi Tsankho
Mu 1952, Mandela ndi Oliver Tambo anatsegula kampani yoyamba ya zamalamulo ku South Africa. Iwo ankapereka chithandizo cha zamalamulo chotsika mtengo kapena chaulere kwa anthu akuda omwe anakhudzidwa ndi kusalungama. Chaka chomwecho, Mandela adachitanso gawo lalikulu mu Defiance Campaign, yomwe inali ndi zochita zotsutsana ndi malamulo osalungama a tsankho.
Poyankha za kuukira kwake, boma la tsankho linayamba kumutenga Mandela mozama kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1956, Mandela ndi anthu ena 155 omenyera ufulu wawo anamangidwa ndipo anaweruzidwa mlandu woukira boma. Pambuyo pa mlandu wautali womwe unatenga zaka zingapo, Mandela ndi anzake anamasulidwa mu 1961.
Towards Armed Struggle: MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe)
Kulephera kwa khama lamtendere lotsutsa tsankho kunapangitsa Mandela kukhulupirira kuti njira ina ikufunika. Mu 1961, Mandela ndi ANC adakhazikitsa gulu lankhondo lotchedwa Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), kutanthauza "Mkondo wa Dziko." MK idayambitsidwa ndi chiyembekezo cholimbana ndi ulamuliro wa tsankho kudzera mu kuwononga zomangamanga za boma, popanda kuyika miyoyo ya anthu pachiwopsezo.
Komabe, chiwawa cha ndalechi sichinapitirire nthawi yayitali Mandela asanakhale chandamale chachikulu chomangidwa ndi boma la tsankho. Mu 1962, Mandela adamangidwa ndipo adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka zisanu chifukwa choyambitsa chisokonezo ndikutuluka mdzikolo popanda chilolezo.
Mlandu wa Rivonia ndi Zilango za Moyo Wonse
Mu 1963, pamene anali kutumikira m’ndende, Mandela ndi atsogoleri ena angapo a MK anaweruzidwa mlandu womwe unadziwika kuti Rivonia Trial. Anaimbidwa mlandu wowononga zinthu, kupanga chiwembu chofuna kugwetsa boma, ndi zochita zina zosiyanasiyana zosokoneza boma. Pa nthawi yake yomaliza yowonekera kukhoti, Mandela anapereka nkhani yamphamvu, yomwe ambiri amaikumbukira ngati imodzi mwa nkhani zolimbikitsa kwambiri zokhudza chilungamo ndi ufulu.
"Ndakhala ndikumenyera nkhondo cholinga ichi moyo wanga wonse. Ndikufuna kuti chikwaniritsidwe. Koma, Mfumu, ngati ndiyenera, ndili wokonzeka kufera cholinga ichi," adatero Mandela.
Mandela ndi otsutsa ena asanu ndi awiri adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende moyo wawo wonse ndipo adaikidwa m'ndende ku Robben Island, ndende yakutali komanso yovuta yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Cape Town.
Zaka Zambiri M'ndende
Pa zaka 27 zomwe anakhala m'ndende, Mandela sanasiye kumenyana. Ngakhale kuti anali yekhayekha komanso analetsedwa kulankhulana ndi anthu akunja, mphamvu zake zinapitirira kukula. Mandela analemba makalata ambiri ndipo analemberana makalata ndi anthu ena omenyera ufulu wa anthu. Anachitanso zokambirana zambiri ndi boma, koma sanasiye mfundo zake zachilungamo. Kumangidwa sikunamufooketse; m'malo mwake, anakhala chizindikiro cha dziko lonse cha kukana tsankho.
Ufulu ndi Kutha kwa Tsankho
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, kukakamizidwa kwa boma la tsankho m'dziko muno komanso m'mayiko ena kunakula kwambiri. Kuwonjezera pa kusamvera malamulo okhudza zachuma ndi chikhalidwe kuchokera kwa anthu akunja, kukakamizidwa kwa anthu aku South Africa kunakulanso. Mu 1990, monga gawo la kusintha kwa zinthu, Purezidenti wa ku South Africa panthawiyo F.W. de Klerk analamula kuti Mandela amasulidwe mopanda malire.
Atatulutsidwa m'ndende, Mandela sanasonyeze chilakolako chofuna kubwezera. M'malo mwake, anasankha njira yoyanjanitsa ndi kukambirana kuti agwirizanitse dziko logawanika. Mu 1993, Mandela ndi de Klerk adagawana Mphotho ya Mtendere ya Nobel chifukwa cha khama lawo lothetsa tsankho mwamtendere.
Nthawi ya Purezidenti ndi Cholowa Chake
Mu 1994, Nelson Mandela anasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa South Africa pachisankho choyamba chaulere mdzikolo. Ulamuliro wake sunangosonyeza kutha kwa tsankho la anthu komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu ambiri omwe cholinga chake chinali kuthana ndi kusalingana kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komwe kunasiyidwa ndi tsankho. Mandela adalimbikitsa mgwirizano wadziko, chilungamo cha anthu, ndi chitukuko.
Pambuyo pa nthawi imodzi, Mandela anasankha kusafuna kusankhidwanso ndipo anapatsa utsogoleri m'badwo watsopano. Anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zothandiza anthu mpaka imfa yake pa Disembala 5, 2013.
Mapeto
Nkhondo ya Nelson Mandela yolimbana ndi tsankho inasonyeza kulimba mtima, kulimba mtima, ndi nzeru za mtsogoleri amene anamenyera nkhondo osati anthu ake okha komanso anthu onse. Kuyambira ali mwana mpaka ukalamba wake, Mandela anapereka chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha momwe munthu mmodzi angapangire kusiyana kwakukulu, ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zambiri. Cholowa chake sichili ku South Africa kokha, komanso m'mitima ndi m'maganizo mwa anthu omwe amalakalaka dziko lolungama komanso lofanana.
