Kufunika kwa Msonkhano wa Vienna mu Mbiri ya ku Ulaya
Msonkhano wa ku Vienna, womwe unachitika kuyambira Seputembala 1814 mpaka Juni 1815, unali umodzi mwa misonkhano yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya ku Ulaya. Polimbikitsidwa ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Napoleon Bonaparte, msonkhanowo unali ndi cholinga chojambulanso mapu andale a ku Ulaya ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano lomwe lingalepheretse kontinentiyo ku mikangano yamtsogolo. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza kufunika kwa Msonkhano wa ku Vienna ndi momwe umakhudzira mbiri ya ku Ulaya kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mbiri ya Msonkhano wa Vienna
Tisanafufuze mozama za zotsatira ndi zotsatira za Congress of Vienna, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mbiri yakale yomwe ili kumbuyo kwake. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19, ku Ulaya kunali chipwirikiti chifukwa cha kusintha kwa dziko la France ndi nkhondo zomwe zinatsogoleredwa ndi Napoleon Bonaparte. Pambuyo pa kupambana kwankhondo kangapo, Napoleon analamulira gawo lalikulu la dziko la Europe. Komabe, kupirira kwa maulamuliro ena aku Europe pamapeto pake kunamupangitsa kuti asamavutike komanso kuti agonjetsedwe. Nkhondo ya Mgwirizano Wachisanu ndi Chimodzi inathetsa ulamuliro wa Napoleon ku Europe mu 1814, ndipo atsogoleri aku Europe anazindikira mwachangu kufunika kwa malo okambirana momwe angamangirenso ndikukhazikitsa bata lokhalitsa.
Zolinga Zazikulu za Msonkhano wa Vienna
Atsogoleri aku Europe omwe anasonkhana ku Vienna sanangofuna kubwezeretsa malire a mayiko momwe analili asanayambe kusintha kwa dziko ndi Nkhondo za Napoleon. Anafunanso kupanga dongosolo lomwe lingalepheretse Europe kukumana ndi mikangano yayikulu mtsogolo. Zina mwa zolinga zazikulu za Congress of Vienna zinali:
1. Kubwezeretsa Ufumu: Kubwezeretsa mafumu achifumu omwe adagwetsedwa pa nthawi ya Chisinthiko cha ku France ndi nthawi ya Napoleon.
2. Kukhazikitsa Malire a Mphamvu: Kukhazikitsa malire a mayiko m'njira yoti palibe dziko limodzi lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zokwanira zoopseza bata la ku Ulaya.
3. Kuvomerezeka: Kutsimikizira ufulu wa ufumu monga boma lovomerezeka mwa kulimbikitsa lingaliro la kuvomereza malamulo.
4. Kusunga Chikhalidwe: Kukana kusintha kwa zinthu ndi malingaliro omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi okhwima ndi akuluakulu a ku Ulaya.
Olowa nawo mu Congress ndi Atsogoleri
Msonkhano wa ku Vienna unachitikirapo ndi nthumwi zochokera pafupifupi mayiko onse akuluakulu aku Europe, ena mwa iwo omwe adachita mbali zazikulu pazokambiranazi. Anthu ofunikira anali:
– Klemens von Metternich wa ku Austria, wodziwika kuti ndiye mlengi wamkulu wa dongosolo latsopano la ku Ulaya losunga malamulo.
– Charles Maurice de Talleyrand wa ku France, yemwe, ngakhale kuti dziko lake linali litangogonjetsedwa kumene, adakwanitsa kuchita gawo lofunika kwambiri pa nkhani ya ndale.
– Alexander Woyamba wa ku Russia, yemwe anali ndi zolinga zazikulu ku Eastern Europe.
– Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh wa ku Great Britain, yemwe adayang'ana kwambiri pa mgwirizano wa mphamvu ndikuletsa ulamuliro umodzi ku Europe.
– Karl August von Hardenberg wa ku Prussia, amene anagwiritsa ntchito nyumba yamalamulo kuti awonjezere mphamvu za Prussia.
Zotsatira za Msonkhano
Msonkhano wa ku Vienna unapanga zisankho zofunika kwambiri zomwe zinasintha mapu a ndale ku Europe. Nazi zina mwa zosintha zazikulu ndi mapangano omwe adatuluka mu msonkhano uno:
Gawo la Zigawo
– Netherlands: Kuphatikizidwa ndi Belgium kuti apange United Kingdom of the Netherlands, cholinga chake ndi kupanga boma lolimba la chitetezo kumpoto kwa France.
– Germany: Chigwirizano cha Germany chinapangidwa, chokhala ndi mayiko 39 odziyimira pawokha motsogozedwa ndi Austria, monga cholowa m'malo mwa Ufumu Woyera wa Roma womwe unathetsedwa ndi Napoleon mu 1806.
– Italy: Italy idagawikana m'maufumu ang'onoang'ono angapo, koma madera ena ofunikira monga Venice ndi Lombardy adaperekedwa kwa Austria.
– Norway ndi Sweden: Mayiko awiriwa agwirizana pansi pa ufumu umodzi.
– Poland: Ufumu wa Poland (Congress Poland) unakhazikitsidwa mu mgwirizano waumwini ndi Russia.
Kulinganiza Mphamvu
Msonkhano wa ku Vienna unayesetsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wa mphamvu zomwe zingasunge mtendere ku Ulaya. Pachifukwa ichi, mayiko angapo analimbikitsidwa ndipo malire a mayiko anakonzedwanso kuti dziko lililonse lisalamulire kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo:
– Great Britain idapeza madera angapo ofunikira kunja kwa Europe, zomwe zidalimbitsa udindo wake ngati mphamvu yayikulu yapamadzi.
- Austria sinangopeza malo ku Italy kokha komanso inalimbitsa malo ake olamulira ku Central Europe.
– Prussia inapeza malo ena kumadzulo kwa France, pofuna kuletsa kufalikira kwa dziko la France mtsogolo.
Mgwirizano ndi Misonkhano
Bungwe la Congress of Vienna linasainanso mapangano angapo a mgwirizano kuti athandizire dongosolo latsopanoli, limodzi mwa iwo linali Mgwirizano Woyera pakati pa Austria, Russia, ndi Prussia, womwe cholinga chake chinali kulimbana ndi malingaliro osintha zinthu ndikuthandizira ufumu.
Zotsatira Zanthawi Yaitali
Msonkhano wa ku Vienna unasiya cholowa chachikulu komanso chokhalitsa m'mbiri ya ku Ulaya. Ngakhale kuti zisankho zake zambiri zinali zochokera pa mfundo zachikhalidwe komanso kubwezeretsa ufumu, mbali zina za msonkhanowo zikadali zofunika kwambiri ndipo zasintha momwe zinthu zidzayendere ku Ulaya pambuyo pake.
Kukhazikika ndi Mtendere
Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zazikulu za Congress of Vienna chinali kupangidwa kwa nthawi yamtendere ku Europe yotchedwa "Age of Metternich" kapena "Pax Britannica," yomwe inakhalapo mpaka nkhondo ya Crimea itayamba mu 1853. Ngakhale panali mikangano yaying'ono, palibe nkhondo zazikulu zomwe zidachitika pakati pa mayiko akuluakulu aku Europe panthawiyi.
Ufulu Wadziko ndi Kusintha kwa Dziko
Komabe, njira yosungira zinthu zakale komanso yokonzanso zinthu ya Congress of Vienna inabzalanso mbewu za kusakhutira zomwe pamapeto pake zinayambitsa mafunde a kusintha kwa dziko. Zolinga zadziko ndi za ufulu zomwe Congress inanyalanyaza zinaonekeranso mu Revolutions ya 1830 ndi 1848 ku Ulaya konse.
Lingaliro la Kulinganiza Mphamvu
Lingaliro la mphamvu lomwe linalimbikitsidwa ndi Congress of Vienna linakhala maziko a mfundo zakunja za ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma 19. Linathandiza kupewa kubuka kwa boma limodzi lolamulira lomwe lingayambitse mkangano waukulu.
Kupangidwa kwa Mayiko Atsopano
Kusakhutira ndi dongosolo la Vienna kunathandizanso kuti Italy ndi Germany zigwirizane m'zaka za m'ma 19. Ngakhale kuti bungwe la Congress linayesa kusunga kugawikana, kukonda dziko lawo kunalimbikitsa gulu logwirizanitsa lomwe linapanga bwino Ufumu wa Italy ndi Germany.
Mapeto
Msonkhano wa ku Vienna unali umodzi mwa zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya ku Ulaya. Ngakhale kuti zisankho zake zambiri zinali zochokera pa mfundo zachikhalidwe komanso chikhumbo chobwezeretsa dongosolo lakale, msonkhanowo unatha kukhazikitsa nthawi yokhazikika yomwe inatenga pafupifupi zaka 40. Komabe, kusakhutira ndi mapangano omwe adachitika kunayambitsanso kusintha kwa ndale ndi kusintha kwa ndale mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 19. Cholowa cha Msonkhano wa ku Vienna chikadali chofunikira ndipo chasintha mbali zambiri za mbiri yamakono ya ku Ulaya.
