Kutha kwa Tsankho ku South Africa: Kuchokera ku Kuponderezedwa Kufika ku Ufulu
Pendauluan
Apartheid ndi mawu achi Afrikaans omwe amatanthauza "kulekana." Amatanthauza dongosolo la ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku South Africa kuyambira 1948 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, lomwe linkathandizira mwalamulo kusankhana mitundu ndi kusankhana mitundu kwa anthu akuda ambiri. Apartheid sikuti inangochepetsa mwayi wazachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kwa nzika zakuda komanso inasunga mwayi waukulu kwa azungu ochepa. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za ulendo wautali komanso wovuta wopita kumapeto kwa tsankho komanso nkhondo zamphamvu zomwe anthu ambiri ndi magulu ambiri adakumana nazo ku South Africa.
Mbiri Yachidule ya Tsankho
Tsankho linayamba mwalamulo pamene chipani cha National Party, chotsogozedwa ndi D.F. Malan, chinapambana zisankho za ku South Africa mu 1948. Ndondomeko za tsankho zinalekanitsa anthu kutengera mtundu wawo. Azungu anapatsidwa mwayi waukulu kwambiri, pomwe Akuda, Aasiya, ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana ankayang'aniridwa mwamphamvu.
Malamulo a tsankho anaika malamulo okhwima okhudza komwe anthu ankakhala, kugwira ntchito, ndi kukhala. Mwayi wopeza maphunziro, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi mwayi wazachuma unali wochepa kwambiri kwa anthu omwe si azungu. "Malo a anthu aku Bantustan," kapena kuti kwawo, anali a anthu akuda, makamaka malo omwe ankakakamizika kukhala ndi kugwira ntchito m'mikhalidwe yoipa.
Kutsutsa tsankho la tsankho kunalipo kwa nthawi yaitali, koma boma la tsankho linayankha ndi njira zopondereza monga kutsekera anthu m'ndende popanda kuwazenga mlandu, kuwazunza, komanso kupha anthu omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi oopsa.
Anthu Ofunika Kwambiri pa Kukana
Munthu wotchuka kwambiri pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho anali Nelson Mandela. Mandela anabadwa mu 1918, ndipo anakulira m'malo odzaza ndi chisalungamo ndi mavuto. Atamaliza maphunziro ake, Mandela anakhala loya ndipo analowa nawo bungwe la African National Congress (ANC), bungwe lodzipereka polimbana ndi tsankho la mafuko komanso kumenyera ufulu wa anthu.
Mandela adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukonza gulu lotsutsa tsankho. Mu 1961, pambuyo pa zaka zambiri zamtendere komanso ziwonetsero zomwe sizinaphule kanthu, Mandela ndi atsogoleri ena angapo a ANC adakhazikitsa gulu lankhondo lotchedwa Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), lomwe linayamba kuwononga zomangamanga za boma la tsankho.
Mu 1962, Mandela anamangidwa ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende moyo wake wonse pa mlandu wa Rivonia mu 1964. Izi zinasintha kwambiri mbiri ya kukana tsankho, popeza Mandela anakhala chizindikiro cha dziko lonse cha nkhondo ya ufulu ndi chilungamo.
Kupanikizika Kwamkati ndi Kwakunja
Kwa zaka zambiri, mavuto amkati ndi akunja adakula. M'dziko muno, magulu osiyanasiyana otsutsa, kuphatikizapo ANC, South African Communist Party, ndi Congress of South African Trade Unions, adapitilizabe kukonza ziwonetsero ndi ziwonetsero ngakhale kuti adazunzidwa mwankhanza.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu apadziko lonse anayamba kukakamiza kwambiri boma la tsankho. Mayiko ambiri ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi adayika zilango zachuma, kunyanyala ntchito, ndi ziletso ku South Africa. Bungwe la United Nations (UN) linapereka zigamulo zotsutsa mfundo za tsankho, ndipo mu 1973 linalengeza kuti tsankho ndi mlandu wotsutsana ndi anthu.
M'zaka za m'ma 1980, panali kutsutsa kwakukulu. Zipolowe m'matauni ndi m'midzi ya ku South Africa zinayamba kuchulukirachulukira komanso mwamphamvu. Achinyamata ndi ophunzira omwe anatsogolera zipolowe za ku Soweto mu 1976 anapitiriza ziwonetsero zawo ndi mikangano ndi asilikali achitetezo.
Nthawi ya Kusintha ndi Ufulu
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, chuma cha South Africa chinali pamavuto aakulu chifukwa cha zilango zapadziko lonse komanso kusakhazikika kwa ndale. Purezidenti Pieter Willem Botha anayesa kusintha zinthu zina, koma izi sizinali zokwanira kuchepetsa kusamvana. Mu 1989, F.W. de Klerk adalowa m'malo mwa Botha ngati Purezidenti ndipo adayambitsa njira yofunika kwambiri yosinthira zinthu.
Mu 1990, mu chochitika chachikulu, de Klerk adalengeza kumasulidwa kwa Nelson Mandela atatha zaka 27 m'ndende ndipo adachotsa chiletso cha ANC ndi mabungwe ena otsutsa. Izi zidayambitsa njira yokambirana ndi kukambirana pakati pa boma la tsankho ndi oimira anthu akuda ambiri.
Pambuyo pa zokambirana zazitali komanso zovuta, South Africa idachita chisankho choyamba cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu Epulo 1994. Nelson Mandela adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti woyamba wakuda wa South Africa ndipo tsankho linatha mwalamulo.
Zotsatira ndi Cholowa cha Tsankho
Kutha kwa tsankho kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu m'mikhalidwe ya anthu ndi ndale ku South Africa. Komabe, cholowa chake chidakalipobe mpaka pano monga kusalingana pazachuma, kusiyana kwa maphunziro, komanso kusamvana pakati pa mafuko.
Komabe, chinthu chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chinapambana chinali kusintha kwamtendere kuchoka ku ulamuliro wopondereza kupita ku demokalase, komwe kukuwonetsedwa mu malamulo oyendetsera dziko la South Africa omwe amatsimikizira ufulu wa anthu kwa nzika zake zonse.
Kulimbana ndi tsankho sikunalimbikitse anthu aku South Africa okha, komanso anthu padziko lonse lapansi za kufunika kwa chilungamo cha anthu, kufanana kwa anthu, ndi umunthu.
Mapeto
Kutha kwa tsankho ku South Africa ndi nkhani yokhudza kulimba mtima, kupirira, ndi kudzipereka. Kuchokera ku kukana molimba mtima kwa omwe anakana kugonjera ku chisalungamo chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi mayiko ena, zinthu zambiri zinapangitsa kuti njira imodzi mwa njira zankhanza kwambiri zopondereza mafuko m'zaka za m'ma 20 zigwe.
Nelson Mandela ndi ngwazi zina zambiri zomwe mayina awo sangadziwike padziko lonse lapansi akutikumbutsa kuti kulimbana kwa ufulu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta komanso kovuta, koma pamapeto pake, chilungamo ndi umunthu zimatha kupambana. Masiku ano, South Africa ndi chitsanzo chabwino chakuti kusintha n'kotheka ndipo ngakhale machitidwe opondereza kwambiri akhoza kugwetsedwa ndi chifuniro cha anthu onse cha ufulu ndi ulemu.
