Mu nthawi yamakono, zokambirana zokhudza chilungamo nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa anthu. Mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha chilungamo chogawa. Chiphunzitsochi chikuyesera kuyankha funso lofunika kwambiri: Kodi katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zili m'gulu la anthu ziyenera kugawidwa bwanji?
Pendauluan
Chilungamo chogawa chimatanthauza mfundo zomwe zimayang'ana momwe chuma ndi zinthu zakuthupi zimagawidwira m'dera. Lingaliro limeneli limakhudza kugawa zinthu zonse zakuthupi monga ndalama, chuma, mwayi, thanzi, ndi maphunziro.
Chiphunzitso cha chilungamo chogawa sichimangofunika pa zachuma ndi sayansi ya ndale komanso chimakhazikitsa maziko a makhalidwe abwino pa zisankho zambiri za ndondomeko za anthu. Mkati mwake, njira zosiyanasiyana zimafotokoza momwe kugawa koyenera kungakwaniritsidwire, kuphatikizapo utilitarianism, libertarianism, egalitarianism, ndi zina zambiri.
Chiphunzitso cha Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zodziwika bwino komanso zotukuka kwambiri pankhani ya chilungamo chogawa. Chiphunzitsochi, chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi Jeremy Bentham ndipo pambuyo pake chinapangidwa ndi John Stuart Mill, chimafotokoza kuti chilungamo chingapezeke mwa kukulitsa chimwemwe chonse kapena phindu.
Mu njira yogwiritsira ntchito zinthu, kugawa komwe kumaganiziridwa kuti ndi koyenera ndi komwe kumabweretsa chisangalalo chachikulu kwa anthu ambiri. Chifukwa chake, mfundo kapena zochita zomwe zimawonjezera ubwino wa anthu onse, ngakhale zingavulaze anthu ena, zingaganizidwebe kuti ndi zolungama.
Komabe, chiphunzitsochi chatsutsidwa chifukwa cha chizolowezi chake chonyalanyaza ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kutenga chuma kwa munthu mmodzi kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kubweretsa chisangalalo kwa ambiri, utilitarianism ikhoza kuvomereza kuchitapo kanthu koteroko ngakhale kuonedwa ngati kuphwanya ufulu wa munthu aliyense.
Chiphunzitso cha ufulu
Chipembedzo cha ufulu, chogwirizana ndi anthu ngati Robert Nozick, chimaona chilungamo chogawa malinga ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha komanso ufulu wa munthu payekha. Nozick, m'buku lake lakuti “Anarchy, State, and Utopia,” adayambitsa lingaliro la ufulu, lomwe limachokera pa mfundo yakuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa zomwe ali nazo malinga ngati zapezedwa mwalamulo.
Mu dongosolo la ufulu, kugawa mwachilungamo kumachitika pokhapokha ngati njira zopezera ufulu zili zolungama. Amakana kugawa mwachikakamizo ndi boma kupatula kuteteza ufulu wofunikira wa munthu aliyense payekha. Mwachitsanzo, kugawa ndalama mwa njira ya misonkho yokwera kuti ithandizire mapulogalamu a anthu kungaonedwe ngati kosayenera malinga ndi malingaliro a ufulu ngati kuphwanya ufulu wa munthu payekha.
Chiphunzitso cha Kufanana
Chiphunzitso cha kufanana chimagogomezera kufanana ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chilungamo chogawa. Mosiyana ndi utilitarianism ndi libertarianism, chiphunzitsochi chimayang'ana kwambiri momwe kusalingana pakugawa zinthu kungachepe.
John Rawls ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri m'sukuluyi ya maganizo ndi buku lake lakuti “A Theory of Justice.” Rawls adayambitsa mfundo za chilungamo zodziwika kuti “Justice as Fairness,” momwe adapereka mfundo ziwiri zazikulu:
1. Aliyense adzakhala ndi ufulu wofanana ndi ufulu woyambira womwe uli ndi mphamvu zambiri zomwe zimafanana ndi ufulu woyambira womwe uli ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi za ena.
2. Kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma kuyenera kukonzedwa mwanjira yoti zonse ziwiri:
- pindulitsani omwe ali ndi mwayi wambiri, ndipo
- zokhudzana ndi maudindo ndi maudindo omwe ali otseguka kwa aliyense malinga ndi momwe mwayi ulili wofanana.
Malinga ndi maganizo a Rawls, njira yabwino kwambiri yotsimikizira kugawidwa kwachilungamo ndikudziona ngati tili kumbuyo kwa "chophimba cha kusadziwa," mkhalidwe womwe anthu sadziwa udindo wawo kapena udindo wawo m'gulu. Pansi pa mkhalidwe uwu, mfundo za chilungamo zingasankhidwe mwachilungamo popanda kuganizira za kudzikonda.
Malingaliro a Akazi ndi Chiphunzitso Chotsutsa
Ufulu wa akazi ndi chiphunzitso chotsutsa zathandizanso kwambiri pakukambirana za chilungamo chogawa. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa akazi umayang'ana kwambiri kugawa koyenera mkati mwa nkhani ya amuna ndi akazi komanso momwe ulamuliro wa abambo ungapangire kusalungama kogawa. Amanena kuti kugawa zinthu ndi mwayi kuyenera kuganizira za kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso kuchitiridwa zinthu mwachilungamo kwa anthu onse mosasamala kanthu za amuna kapena akazi.
Chiphunzitso chotsutsa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimaphatikizidwa mu nkhani ya Marxist, chimagogomezera kufunika kwa kapangidwe ka mphamvu pa njira yogawa. Otsatira chiphunzitsochi nthawi zambiri amatsutsa kugawa m'magulu a capitalist, komwe amakhulupirira kuti kumakomera anthu apamwamba ndipo kumaika anthu ogwira ntchito m'malo osiyana. Amalimbikitsa kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa dongosolo lazachuma kuti atsimikizire kugawa koyenera.
Mavuto ndi Kudzudzulidwa
Chiphunzitso chilichonse cha chilungamo chogawa chimapereka zovuta zake komanso kutsutsa kwake. Mwachitsanzo, utilitarianism nthawi zina imanyalanyaza chilungamo cha anthu ochepa kapena anthu chifukwa choyang'ana kwambiri anthu ambiri. Libertarianism ingasiye zosowa za anthu ndi maubwino onse m'malo moika patsogolo ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Kufanana kumakumana ndi zovuta pakukhazikitsa zinthu moyenera, monga momwe mungagwirizanitsire kufanana ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense.
Malingaliro amenewa nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati njira yosiyana osati yosiyana. N'zotheka kuti njira yosakanikirana idzachitika m'machitidwe, pomwe mfundo za anthu zimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zosiyanasiyana kuti zigawidwe moyenera komanso molingana.
Mapeto
Kufunafuna chilungamo chogawa ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yodzaza ndi magawo ambiri, kuwonetsa mfundo, zofunika kwambiri, ndi mfundo zakuya za malingaliro osiyanasiyana a filosofi. Chiphunzitso chilichonse chimapereka lingaliro losiyana momwe mungawonere momwe kugawa kungaweruzidwire molungama pakati pa anthu.
Pomaliza, cholinga cha mfundo zonsezi ndikumanga chikhalidwe cholungama komanso cholungama. Momwe timasankhira kufotokoza ndikukhazikitsa chilungamo chogawa chidzapitirira kukhala nkhani yokambirana zandale, zachuma, komanso zamakhalidwe abwino.
M'dziko lamakono lomwe likulumikizana komanso lovuta, kumvetsetsa mfundo zosiyanasiyana za chilungamo chogawa ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kungatithandize kukwaniritsa mfundo zomwe zimathandiza kukula kwachuma komanso chilungamo cha anthu, kuti anthu onse azikhala bwino.
