Mphatso ya Spinoza pa Makhalidwe Abwino
Benedictus de Spinoza (1632–1677) ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri afilosofi otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya malingaliro amakono. Amakambidwa nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha malingaliro ake achilengedwe—makamaka lingaliro lake lakuti Mulungu ndi Chilengedwe ndi chimodzi—koma zopereka zake ku makhalidwe abwino ndizofunikanso. Mu ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri, Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata (yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa Makhalidwe Abwino), Spinoza adapereka njira yomvetsetsa moyo wamakhalidwe abwino womwe umasiyana ndi makhalidwe abwino achikhalidwe ozikidwa pa malamulo, uchimo, ndi mphotho. Kwa iye, makhalidwe abwino sanali malamulo onena za zabwino ndi zoyipa, koma sayansi ya momwe anthu angakhalire momasuka, mwanzeru, komanso mosangalala pomvetsetsa bwino iwo eni ndi zenizeni.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zomwe Spinoza adapereka pa makhalidwe abwino kudzera m'malingaliro akuluakulu angapo: makhalidwe abwino monga chidziwitso, anthu monga gawo la Chilengedwe, udindo wa malingaliro, ubwino monga mphamvu, ufulu monga kumvetsetsa, ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwakukulu mu mawonekedwe a "chikondi chanzeru kwa Mulungu".
1. Makhalidwe abwino monga chidziwitso, osati malamulo a makhalidwe abwino okha
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Spinoza adapereka chinali kusintha momwe timaonera makhalidwe abwino. M'miyambo yambiri, makhalidwe abwino nthawi zambiri amamveka ngati malamulo: chitani izi, musachite izi. Spinoza adati njira imeneyi imagwera mosavuta mu makhalidwe abwino osazama: anthu amamvera chifukwa choopa chilango kapena chiyembekezo cha mphotho, osati chifukwa chomvetsetsa zifukwa ndi zotsatira za zochita zawo.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Spinoza amapanga Makhalidwe Abwino pogwiritsa ntchito “njira ya geometric”—pogwiritsa ntchito matanthauzidwe, ma axioms, malingaliro, ndi maumboni. Cholinga chake si kupanga makhalidwe abwino kukhala olimba ngati masamu, koma kusonyeza kuti moyo wamakhalidwe abwino ukhoza kumveka bwino: zochita za anthu zimatsatira zifukwa zina, ndipo malingaliro amatha kufotokozedwa. Pomvetsetsa zifukwa, anthu amatha kusintha moyo wawo. Motero, makhalidwe abwino a Spinoza ndi kufunafuna chidziwitso chomasula.
Tanthauzo lake ndi lofunika kwambiri: kukhala wabwino sikutanthauza kumvera malamulo akunja, koma kumvetsetsa bwino za iwe mwini, dziko, ndi ubale wa chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake. Zolakwa zamakhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku kusadziwa.
2. Munthu monga gawo la Chilengedwe: maziko achilengedwe a makhalidwe abwino a Spinoza
Makhalidwe abwino a Spinoza amadalira pa lingaliro lake lodziwika bwino la zinthu zauzimu: pali chinthu chimodzi chokha, chomwe ndi Mulungu kapena Chilengedwe (Deus sive Natura). Anthu si zolengedwa "zosiyana" ndi chilengedwe, koma mbali ya zonse. Chifukwa chake, khalidwe la anthu—kuphatikizapo makhalidwe abwino—liyenera kumvedwa ngati chochitika chachilengedwe, osati chauzimu.
Cholinga cha lingaliro ili chinali kuyambika kwa njira yoganizira zachilengedwe: m'malo moyang'ana anthu ngati anthu opanda malamulo a chilengedwe , Spinoza adati tili mkati mwa ukonde wa chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake. Malingaliro, zilakolako, zisankho, ngakhale mikangano yamkati ili ndi zifukwa. Chifukwa chake, makhalidwe abwino sadaliranso chinsinsi cha ufulu wodzisankhira, koma m'malo mwake momwe anthu angakulitsire moyo wawo mwa kumvetsetsa zosowa zachilengedwe ndi kapangidwe ka zenizeni.
Njira imeneyi imapangitsanso kuti munthu akhale ndi maganizo abwino “osaweruza” m’njira inayake: pamene wina achita chinthu choipa, Spinoza akutipempha kuti tione zomwe zimayambitsa—chidziwitso chochepa, zilakolako zosalamulirika, mikhalidwe ya anthu—m’malo mongonena kuti ndi zoipa mwachibadwa.
3. Conatus: maziko a makhalidwe abwino monga kuyesetsa kusunga ndi kukonza moyo
Lingaliro lofunika kwambiri m'makhalidwe abwino a Spinoza ndi conatus, chikhumbo chachikulu cha chamoyo chilichonse kuti chikhalebe ndi moyo ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zake. Mwa anthu, conatus imawonekera ngati chifuniro, chikhumbo, ndi chizolowezi chofuna kukula.
Chothandizira chachikulu cha lingaliro ili ndikupereka maziko olimba a makhalidwe abwino: "chabwino" ndi "choipa" sizimveka ngati mfundo zochokera kunja, koma m'malo mwake ngati china chake chikuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu zathu ndi kuthekera kwathu kuchitapo kanthu. Chinachake chimaonedwa ngati chabwino chifukwa chimathandizira kupitiliza ndi kulinganiza miyoyo yathu; chimaonedwa ngati choipa chifukwa chimativulaza kapena kutifooketsa.
Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti munthu ayenera kudziona kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri. M'malo mwake, malinga ndi Spinoza, anthu adzazindikira kuti kulimbitsa mphamvu mwanzeru nthawi zambiri kumafuna mgwirizano, ubwenzi, maphunziro, komanso moyo wabwino wa anthu. Motero, conatus imagwirizanitsa zofuna zake ndi ubwino wa anthu onse kudzera mu nzeru.
4. Kusanthula kwa malingaliro (zotsatira): makhalidwe abwino monga chithandizo cha kuvutika
Spinoza adapereka chithandizo chamakono kudzera mu kusanthula kwake za momwe munthu amamvera (maganizo). Anakana lingaliro lakuti malingaliro ayenera kuchotsedwa. Maganizo ndi gawo lachilengedwe la kukhala munthu. Vuto si malingaliro okha, koma pamene amatithandiza kuti tilamulire, kutilola "kukokedwa" ndi zifukwa zakunja popanda kumvetsetsa.
Spinoza amasiyanitsa pakati pa zochitika zosagwira ntchito ndi zochita. Timakhala osagwira ntchito pamene malingaliro abwera chifukwa cha zinthu zakunja ndipo sitikuzimvetsa; timakhala otanganidwa tikakhala ndi lingaliro lokwanira (kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zimayambitsa). Mwanjira imeneyi, Ethics imakhala mtundu wa "filosofi ya maganizo": mavuto ambiri amayamba chifukwa cha malingaliro osamveka bwino, malingaliro abodza, ndi kudziphatika kwa zinthu zomwe sitikuzimvetsa.
Kupereka kwake ku makhalidwe abwino amakono n'komveka bwino: makhalidwe abwino samangopereka ziletso, koma amathandiza anthu kulamulira malingaliro mwa kumvetsetsa komwe akuchokera. Izi zikufanana ndi njira yochiritsira mu zamaganizo amakono—ngakhale kuti Spinoza adaipanga m'mawu afilosofi.
5. Ubwino monga mphamvu (virtus) ndi luso lochita zinthu
Mu miyambo ina, khalidwe labwino nthawi zambiri limawonetsedwa ngati kudziletsa kwakukulu: kudziletsa zilakolako chifukwa cha malamulo a makhalidwe abwino. Spinoza amasintha malingaliro amenewo. Kwa iye, khalidwe labwino (virtus) ndi mphamvu: kuthekera kochita zinthu motsatira nzeru. Munthu akamakhala motsatira chidziwitso chenicheni, amakhala wamphamvu komanso "wogwira ntchito" kwambiri.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu wabwino si munthu amene amadana ndi zilakolako zake, koma munthu amene amakonza zilakolako zake mwa kumvetsetsa. Savutika mosavuta ndi nsanje, mkwiyo, kubwezera, kapena mantha, chifukwa amamvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa malingaliro ake ndipo amaziika mu dongosolo lalikulu. Ubwino umakhala chinthu chopindulitsa, osati kungodziteteza.
Lingaliro ili ndi lofunika chifukwa limapereka mfundo zotsimikizira kuti munthu ali ndi moyo wabwino: kukhala ndi moyo wabwino kumatanthauza kuwonjezera mphamvu zake zenizeni zoganiza, kugwirizana, kupanga, ndi kumvetsetsa.
6. Ufulu monga kumvetsetsa kosatha
Spinoza nthawi zambiri imaonedwa ngati "yokhazikika": chilichonse chimachitika motsatira chifukwa. Ndiye ufulu uli kuti? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe Spinoza amapereka mwapadera kwambiri pa makhalidwe abwino: ufulu sutanthauza kukhala wopanda lamulo la chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake, koma kumvetsetsa lamulo limenelo ndikuchita mogwirizana nalo.
Munthu amene samvetsa zomwe zimayambitsa malingaliro ake angamve kuti ndi "waufulu" chifukwa akutsatira zomwe akufuna. Koma kwa Spinoza, zimenezo ndi ukapolo: amalamulidwa ndi zinthu zakunja ndi malingaliro. Ufulu weniweni umabwera tikakhala ndi malingaliro okwanira, kotero kuti zochita zathu zikutsatira nzeru—osati zochita zokha.
Pankhani ya moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, izi zikutanthauza kuti: timakhala omasuka kwambiri tikamvetsetsa chifukwa chake timakwiya, chifukwa chake timaopa, chifukwa chake timayesedwa, komanso momwe tingasinthire zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa machitidwe amenewo. Ufulu ndi ntchito yanzeru komanso yothandiza.
7. Chikondi cha nzeru pa Mulungu: chimake cha moyo wabwino
Gawo la "uzimu" kwambiri la makhalidwe abwino a Spinoza ndi lingaliro la chikondi cha Mulungu—chikondi chanzeru cha Mulungu. Popeza Mulungu ndi wofanana ndi Chilengedwe, chikondi cha Mulungu si malingaliro achipembedzo odalira miyambo kapena chiphunzitso, koma mtundu wa kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa zenizeni. Munthu akamvetsetsa dongosolo lachilengedwe ndi malo ake mkati mwake, amakhala ndi chisangalalo chokhazikika, chosagwedezeka ndi kusintha kwa zinthu.
Uku si kuthawa. M'malo mwake, kwa Spinoza, kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kumabweretsa mtendere wamkati ndi malingaliro anzeru okhudza moyo, kuphatikizapo imfa. Chimwemwe chachikulu sichimachokera ku katundu, udindo, kapena kupambana ena, koma kuchokera ku kumvetsetsa komwe kumagwirizanitsa anthu ndi dongosolo lonse lachilengedwe.
Motero, Spinoza imapereka chitsanzo cha makhalidwe abwino chomwe chimagwirizanitsa kulingalira bwino, mtendere wamkati, ndi zochitika za "chipembedzo" popanda kudalira makhalidwe abwino ozikidwa pa chilango ndi mphotho.
8. Kufunika kwa makhalidwe abwino amakono: kulekerera, ndale, ndi kukhala pamodzi
Zopereka za Spinoza sizimangokhudza munthu aliyense payekha. Popeza anthu ndi anthu okonda kucheza ndi anthu, makhalidwe abwino a Spinoza ndi ogwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wandale. Iye ankaona kuti anthu abwino ndi omwe amalola nzika zake kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru, kumva kuti ndi otetezeka, komanso kuti asakhale akapolo a mantha. Izi zikusonyeza kufunika kwa kulekerera chipembedzo, ufulu woganiza, komanso kufunika kwa mabungwe omwe amaletsa chiwawa chamaganizo.
M'malingaliro amakono, malingaliro a Spinoza akhoza kuwerengedwa ngati maziko a makhalidwe abwino a anthu : mfundo ndi maphunziro ziyenera kupangidwa kuti ziwonjezere luso la nzika kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake, kuyang'anira malingaliro, ndi kugwirizana. Udani ndi kutengeka maganizo, malinga ndi maganizo a Spinoza, si "zoipa zamakhalidwe abwino" zokha komanso zotsatira za mikhalidwe yomwe imapangitsa anthu kukhala ndi mantha ndi kusadziwa.
Mapeto
Chothandizira cha Spinoza pa makhalidwe abwino chili mu kulimba mtima kwake kopanga makhalidwe abwino kukhala sayansi yomasula anthu kudzera mu chidziwitso. Anapanga makhalidwe abwino achilengedwe omwe amaona anthu ngati gawo la Chilengedwe, amaika conatus ngati choyendetsa chachikulu cha moyo, amasanthula mwadongosolo malingaliro, ndikufotokozera ubwino ngati mphamvu yochita zinthu motsatira nzeru. Kwa Spinoza, ufulu si ufulu ku chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake, koma kumvetsetsa kosatha ndikusintha munthu kudzera mu kumvetsetsa kumeneko. Chimaliziro chake ndi "chikondi chanzeru cha Mulungu" - chimwemwe chobadwa chifukwa chomvetsetsa kwambiri zenizeni.
Kudzera mu dongosololi, Spinoza imapereka makhalidwe abwino omwe akadali ofunika masiku ano: omwe amaphatikiza kulingalira bwino, chithandizo chamaganizo, khalidwe labwino, ndi masomphenya ololera kwambiri a moyo wamba. Makhalidwe abwino salinso okhudza "chochita," koma "momwe mungakhalire omasuka komanso okhoza kukhala ndi moyo wabwino" mwa kumvetsetsa bwino.
