Chiphunzitso cha Phenomenological cha Alfred Schutz
Alfred Schutz (1899–1959) amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri omwe amalumikiza nzeru za zochitika ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ngakhale kuti zochitika za Edmund Husserl zinkayang'ana kwambiri kapangidwe ka chidziwitso ndi momwe zinthu zimawonekera muzokumana nazo, Schutz adabweretsa njira iyi ku gawo la moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu. Kwa Schutz, zenizeni za chikhalidwe si chinthu chomwe "chimangokhalapo" kunja kwa anthu, koma chimapangidwa, chimakhalapo, ndipo chimapatsidwa tanthauzo kudzera mu chidziwitso ndi kuyanjana. Chifukwa chake, chiphunzitso cha zochitika za Schutz nthawi zambiri chimamveka ngati kuyesa kufotokoza momwe anthu amamvetsetsera dziko la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikuchita mkati mwake kutengera matanthauzo omwe amapanga.
Chiyambi ndi Mphamvu ya Maganizo
Schutz anabadwira ku Austria ndipo anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mafunde awiri akuluakulu: Phenomenology ya Husserl ndi sociology yotanthauzira ya Max Weber. Kuchokera kwa Husserl, Schutz anayamba kuyang'ana kwambiri zomwe munthuyo anakumana nazo, cholinga chake (kuzindikira nthawi zonse kumakhala "kupita ku" chinthu), ndi momwe dziko lapansi limaonekera ngati lofunika. Kuchokera kwa Weber, iye anatengera lingaliro la verstehen—kumvetsetsa kotanthauzira zochita za anthu. Kenako Schutz anaphatikiza ziwirizi: zochita za anthu zitha kumveka kokha ngati ofufuza atenga matanthauzo omwe ochita sewero ali nawo pa moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Motero, phenomenology ya Schutz ingawoneke ngati phenomenology ya "chikhalidwe cha anthu": cholinga chake si kungodziwa munthu payekha m'maganizo chabe, koma kuzindikira kwa anthu okhala ndi ena, kugawana zizindikiro, chilankhulo, zizolowezi, ndi machitidwe a anthu.
Dziko la Moyo (Lebenswelt) ndi Zenizeni za Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Lingaliro lofunika kwambiri mu ntchito ya Schutz ndi dziko la moyo (Lebenswelt), dziko lomwe timaliona ngati labwinobwino, lokhalapo "mwachibadwa," ndipo limakhala ngati maziko a zochita zathu za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mu dziko la moyo, anthu sakayikira chilichonse nthawi zonse mwanzeru. Timachita zinthu zathu zachizolowezi: kugwira ntchito, kuphunzira, kugula zinthu, kulankhula ndi ena, kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili, ndikupanga zisankho kutengera kumvetsetsa kothandiza.
Malinga ndi Schutz, dziko la moyo limaonedwa ngati losafunika kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akakwera mayendedwe apagulu, nthawi zambiri saganiziranso malamulo onse a chikhalidwe cha anthu. "Amadziwa" momwe angakhalire: kuyimirira pamzere, kulipira, kupeza malo okhala, kapena kupempha chilolezo. Chidziwitsochi nthawi zonse sichimadziwikiratu, koma chimagwira ntchito ngati maziko omwe amalola kuti zochita zichitike.
Kugwirizana kwa maganizo: Tanthauzo Logawana
Ngakhale kuti zochitika za anthu nthawi zambiri zimatsutsidwa chifukwa chodziona ngati anthu paokha, Schutz akunena kuti zomwe anthu amakumana nazo nthawi zonse zimakhalapo mkati mwa dongosolo la intersubjectivity, dziko la tanthauzo lomwe anthu ena amagawana. Timamvetsetsa malankhulidwe, manja, kapena miyambo chifukwa timakhala m'madera omwe ali ndi chidziwitso ndi zizolowezi zofanana kapena zofanana.
Kugwirizana kwa maganizo kumathandiza kulankhulana ndi kugwirizanitsa zochita. Munthu akanena kuti, "Chonde tsekani chitseko," ena amamvetsa tanthauzo lake, osati mawu okha. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa chilankhulo ndi zochitika za anthu zimapereka tanthauzo lofanana. Malinga ndi maganizo a Schutz, anthu amagwira ntchito chifukwa anthu ali ndi kuthekera koganiza kuti ena amatanthauzira dziko mofanana.
Kuchuluka kwa Chidziwitso ndi Kufotokozera
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Schutz adapereka chinali lingaliro la chidziwitso chomwe chilipo, kusonkhanitsa zokumana nazo, chidziwitso, zizolowezi, ndi magulu othandiza omwe munthu ali nawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa zochitika. Chidziwitsochi sichimapangidwa chokha; chimaperekedwa kudzera m'banja, maphunziro, atolankhani, miyambo, ndi machitidwe a anthu.
Chidziwitso chathu chimagwira ntchito kudzera mu kusiyanitsa anthu, njira yogawa anthu, zochitika, kapena zochita kukhala "mitundu" yomwe imatithandiza kuyenda m'moyo wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, tili ndi mitundu ya "aphunzitsi," "dokotala," "wapolisi," "kasitomala," kapena "bwenzi lapamtima." Mitundu imatithandiza kulosera momwe tingachitire komanso zomwe tingayembekezere kuchokera kwa ena. Komabe, mitundu ingakhalenso magwero a malingaliro olakwika ngati agwiridwa molimba mtima kwambiri.
Ndi kufanizira, dziko la anthu limakhala lolongosoka komanso lodziwikiratu. Sitiyenera kumanga kumvetsetsa kwathu kuyambira pachiyambi nthawi iliyonse tikakumana ndi munthu watsopano, chifukwa timagwiritsa ntchito magulu ndi zokumana nazo zakale ngati "mapu" oyambira.
Zolinga Zochitapo Kanthu: “Chifukwa Zolinga” ndi “Zolinga Zoyenera”
Schutz amasiyanitsanso mitundu iwiri ya zolinga pa zochita za anthu:
1. Cholinga cha "chifukwa" (weil-motive): chifukwa chochokera m'mbuyomu, zomwe zidachitika kale, kapena mikhalidwe yomwe imapanga munthu. Izi zimafotokoza zochita poyang'ana mbiri yake. Mwachitsanzo, wina amasankha kukhala chete pamsonkhano "chifukwa" adachititsidwa manyazi akamalankhula.
2. Cholinga "chokonzekera" (um-zu-Cholinga): zolinga zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa mtsogolo. Chimafotokoza zochita ngati chinthu cholamulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amaphunzira mwakhama kuti apambane mayeso ndikupeza ntchito.
Kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika chifukwa zochita za anthu sizingamveke kokha malinga ndi zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake zakunja. Zochita ndi zochita zomveka bwino, ndipo tanthauzo limenelo nthawi zambiri limagwirizana ndi zolinga za wochita sewero, mapulani, ndi kutanthauzira kwa mkhalidwewo.
Kukula kwa Nthawi ndi Chidziwitso mu Zochitika za Anthu
Kwa Schutz, zokumana nazo za anthu nthawi zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthawi. Timatanthauzira zochitika zapano potchula zakale (zokumana nazo zomwe zimasungidwa ngati zokumbukira) ndi zamtsogolo (ziyembekezo, mapulani, ndi kuthekera). Chifukwa chake, zochita za anthu zimakhala ndi kapangidwe ka nthawi: munthu amatanthauzira mkhalidwe, amaganizira zomwe zingatheke, kenako amachitapo kanthu.
Mu moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, anthu nthawi zonse saganizira mozama, koma m'malo mwake amadalira "chidziwitso chogwira ntchito" chomwe chimakonza zochitika nthawi zonse. Izi zimathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu awiri amatha kupereka matanthauzo osiyanasiyana ku chochitika chimodzi: aliyense amabweretsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana komanso malingaliro amtsogolo.
Ubale Wachikhalidwe: "Ife" ndi "Iwo"
Schutz akukambirananso momwe ubale umadalira momwe timamvetsetsana ndi ena. Mu ubale wapamtima, tanthauzo limatha kukulitsidwa chifukwa cha kuyanjana mobwerezabwereza, zokumana nazo zofanana, komanso kudziwana bwino. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "ife" (ubale wathu). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ndi ena omwe ali kutali kapena osadziwika kwa ife (ubale wawo), timakonda kudalira mitundu yonse, yopanda tsatanetsatane.
Mwachitsanzo, timamvetsetsa anzathu kudzera mu zokumana nazo zenizeni komanso zokambirana zakuya, koma timamvetsetsa "antchito othandiza" kapena "anthu omwe ali mumsewu" kwambiri kudzera m'magulu omwe alipo. Kusiyana kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuti kumvetsetsana kwa anthu kulipo pamlingo wosiyanasiyana, kuyambira paumwini mpaka pa wosadziwika.
Zotsatira za Njira mu Sayansi ya Anthu
Zochitika za Schutz zakhudza kwambiri njira zofufuzira za qualitative, makamaka njira zotanthauzira monga ethnomethodology ndi symbolic interactionism. Mu kafukufuku wake, Schutz adalimbikitsa asayansi azachikhalidwe kuti:
– Kumvetsetsa zochita za anthu kuchokera pamalingaliro a wochita sewero (tanthauzo la maganizo).
- Kutsatira chidziwitso, machitidwe, ndi mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ochita sewero.
- Dziwani kuti zenizeni za anthu zimamangidwa kudzera mu kutanthauzira kwa mfundo zina, osati mfundo zenizeni zokha.
Chifukwa chake, kuyankhulana mozama, kuwona ophunzira, ndi kusanthula zomwe zachitika pamoyo nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa kuti zikugwirizana ndi mzimu wa zochitika za Schutz. Ofufuza samangosonkhanitsa deta ya khalidwe komanso amayesa kujambula "dziko la tanthauzo" lomwe limayambitsa khalidwelo.
Kutsutsa ndi Kufunika Kwa Masiku Ano
Ngakhale kuti mfundo ya Schutz yakhudzidwa nayo, yatsutsidwanso. Ena amanena kuti njira yake imagogomezera kwambiri matanthauzo aumwini ndi zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, motero imagogomezera kapangidwe ka mphamvu, mikangano, kapena kusalingana kwa anthu komwe kumakhudza zomwe zimachitika. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri oganiza bwino pambuyo pake apanga njira yodziwikiratu kuti iphatikizepo miyeso ya mphamvu ndi mabungwe.
M'mikhalidwe yamakono—monga, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti—malingaliro a Schutz akadali ofunika. Kuyanjana kwa digito kumasonyeza momwe mitundu imapangidwira mwachangu, momwe masheya a chidziwitso amapangidwira ndi ma algorithms ndi magulu apaintaneti, komanso momwe kuyanjana kwa anthu kumagwirira ntchito m'malo omwe nthawi zambiri samakhala maso ndi maso. Zochitika monga "kudziwika pa intaneti," "chikhalidwe cha ndemanga," ndi "kugonana" zitha kufufuzidwa ngati njira zopangira tanthauzo m'maiko atsopano.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha Alfred Schutz cha phenomenological chimaika tanthauzo pakati pa kusanthula moyo wa anthu. Amasonyeza kuti anthu amapangidwa kuchokera ku zochita zomwe anthu amazimvetsa ndi kuzitanthauzira mkati mwa dziko la moyo lomwe limaonedwa kuti ndi lachilengedwe. Kudzera m'malingaliro a dziko la moyo, kuyanjana kwa anthu, masheya a chidziwitso, kuyimira, ndi zolinga zochita, Schutz amapereka zida zomvetsetsa momwe zenizeni za anthu "zimapangidwira" tsiku lililonse kudzera mu kutanthauzira ndi kuyanjana. Pa sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, zopereka za Schutz si lingaliro lokha komanso njira yoyendetsera: kumvetsetsa anthu poyandikira njira zawo zotanthauzira dziko lapansi.
