Ufulu ndi Kutsimikiza Mtima Malinga ndi Sartre
Funso lakuti anthu alidi omasuka kapena amatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zakunja ndi limodzi mwa mikangano yakale kwambiri mu filosofi. Kumbali imodzi, determinism imanena kuti zochita za anthu kwenikweni zimakhala chifukwa cha mndandanda wa zifukwa ndi zotsatira zake: mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, maphunziro, chikhalidwe, ngakhale kapangidwe ka zachuma. Kumbali ina, lingaliro la ufulu limatsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi malo osankha ndipo ali ndi udindo pa zosankha zawo. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), munthu wodziwika bwino mu French existentialism, adayika nkhani iyi ya ufulu pakati pa filosofi yake. Komabe, Sartre ankadziwanso kuti moyo wa munthu sumachitika popanda kanthu: pali mfundo, malire, ndi zochitika zomwe "zimamanga." Chifukwa chake, kuganiza kwa Sartre sikuti kungotamanda ufulu mwachikondi, koma kusanthula mozama momwe ufulu umagwirira ntchito mu zenizeni zomwe sitisankha.
Kukhalapo Kumatsogolera Chiyambi: Maziko a Ufulu
Kwa Sartre, chinsinsi chomvetsetsa ufulu ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino: kukhalapo kumabweretsa umunthu. Mosiyana ndi zinthu zopangidwa (monga mipeni) zomwe zili ndi "chilengedwe" kapena cholinga zisanalengedwe—zimapangidwira kudula—anthu alibe chibadwa chokhazikika, chokonzedweratu. Anthu poyamba “amakhalapo,” kenako amadzipanga okha kudzera mu kusankha ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Palibe chibadwa cha anthu chomwe chimatitsekera mu chinthu china chake kotheratu. Chifukwa chake, anthu nthawi zonse amakhala munjira yoti akhale.
Zotsatira zake ndi zazikulu: ngati palibe chinthu chomangirira, anthu sangabisike kumbuyo kwa chowiringula chakuti "Ndili choncho basi." Chomwe chilipo ndi ntchito ya moyo yomwe timapanga. Sartre sawona umunthu wake ngati chinthu chosasinthika, koma ngati zotsatira za zisankho zingapo. Ufulu si chinthu chowonjezera pa umunthu wa munthu, koma ndi kapangidwe kofunikira ka moyo wa munthu mwiniwake.
Munthu “Wotembereredwa Kuti Akhale Waufulu”
Sartre ananena modziwika bwino kuti anthu “amaweruzidwa kukhala aufulu.” Mawu awa akumveka ngati otsutsana: n’chifukwa chiyani ufulu umatchedwa temberero? Chifukwa ufulu nthawi zonse si nthawi yabwino. Ngati anthu ali aufulu, ndiye kuti palibe kumvetsetsa komaliza komwe kungatipulumutse ku udindo. Sitingapereke zosankha zathu kwa Mulungu, miyambo, kapena “malamulo a chibadwa cha anthu” ngati chifukwa chachikulu. Ngakhale titatsatira miyezo ya anthu, kumvera malamulo ochokera kwa akuluakulu, kapena kumvera miyambo, Sartre anganene kuti: zimenezonso ndi chisankho. Timasankha kumvera, kusankha kusakana, kusankha kusatenga zoopsa.
Apa, ufulu umakhala mtolo wolemetsa. Ufulu umatanthauza kuti nthawi zonse tiyenera kusankha—ndipo zisankho zimenezo zimatipanga kukhala ndani. Ngakhale kusasankha ndi mtundu wa kusankha: kusankha kuchedwetsa, kusankha kupewa. Chifukwa chake, anthu sangathawe ufulu; nthawi zonse amakhala mkati mwake, muzochitika zonse.
Kutsimikiza ndi "Kukhazikika": Malire Enieni
Ngakhale kuti anakana kutsimikiza mtima kuti ndi chifukwa chenicheni cha zochita za anthu, Sartre sanakane kuti pali malire enieni. Anatcha izi kukhala zoona: zinthu zonse zomwe "zilipo kale" ndipo sitinasankhe, monga malo obadwira, thupi lathu, momwe chuma chathu chilili, mbiri ya banja lathu, mkhalidwe wathu wandale, ngakhale zomwe takumana nazo m'mbuyomu. Kukhala zoona kumeneku kumapanga malo omwe ufulu umagwira ntchito. Anthu sasankha makadi omwe amapatsidwa, koma momwe amawasewerera.
Chitsanzo chosavuta: wina angabadwire mu umphawi, kusankhana, kapena kukhala ndi chilema chakuthupi. Kwa Sartre, mikhalidwe imeneyi imaletsa kwambiri zisankho zomwe zilipo. Komabe, zoletsa izi sizimachotsa ufulu, chifukwa ufulu sutanthauza "kutha kuchita chilichonse," koma kuthekera koima, kupereka tanthauzo, ndikusankha njira yochitira mkati mwa mkhalidwe weniweni. Ufulu nthawi zonse ndi "ufulu womwe uli mu mkhalidwewo," osati ufulu wosawoneka womwe ukuyandama mlengalenga.
Apa ndi pomwe kusiyana kwa Sartre ndi hard determinism kumaonekera bwino. Determinism imaganiza kuti mikhalidwe yoyambirira ndi malamulo oyambitsa zinthu ndi okwanira kufotokoza zochita; Sartre akugogomezera gawo logwira ntchito la mutu: anthu si zinthu zomwe zimasunthidwa, koma ndi othandizira omwe amatanthauzira ndikusankha.
Kuzindikira ndi Kukana: Chifukwa Chake Anthu Sadzidalira Kotheratu
Sartre amasiyanitsa pakati pa anthu monga chidziwitso (pour-soi, “chokha”) ndi zinthu monga chinthu “chokhacho” (en-soi, “mwa icho chokha”). Zinthu monga miyala kapena mipando sizili kutali ndi izo zokha: ndizo zomwe zili. Koma anthu ali ndi chidziwitso chomwe chimatha kudzipatula, kukayikira, ndi kukana. Chidziwitso chili ndi mphamvu ya “kukana”: kunena “ayi,” kuganiza njira zina, kuyembekezera tsogolo lomwe sililipo.
Luso limeneli limatanthauza kuti anthu sali ofanana kwenikweni ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Wantchito si "wantchito" chabe; amatha kudzipatula ku udindo wawo, kuwunika ntchito yawo, ndikusankha ngati akhalebe kapena atuluke pantchito. Munthu amene walephera sayenera kukhala "wolephera" kwamuyaya; amatha kutanthauzira kulephera ngati phunziro, kapena mosiyana ngati chifukwa chosiya—ndi kusankha pakati pa ziwirizi. Kutsimikiza mtima kumakonda kuona anthu ngati zinthu zonse; Sartre amaona anthu ngati chidziwitso chomwe nthawi zonse chimaposa zomwe zaperekedwa kale.
Chikhulupiriro Choipa: Momwe Mungathawire Ufulu
Ngati anthu ali ndi ufulu, n’chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri amaona kuti miyoyo yawo inakonzedweratu? Sartre akuyankha izi ndi lingaliro la mauvaise foi, kapena chikhulupiriro choipa. Chikhulupiriro choipa si kungonamiza ena, komanso kudzinamiza tokha: kunamizira kuti sitili omasuka kupewa nkhawa ndi udindo.
Mwachitsanzo, wina anganene kuti, “Sindingasinthe; ndili munthu wokwiya msanga.” Malinga ndi maganizo a Sartre, mawu amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati njira yothawirako: amasintha zizolowezi kapena zizolowezi kukhala “zowona” zokhazikika. Kapena wantchito anganene kuti, “Ndikungotsatira malamulo,” ngati kuti zochita zake sizikuphatikizapo kusankha makhalidwe abwino. Sartre amaona izi ngati njira yodziyimira pawokha: kudzipanga kukhala chinthu chomwe chimangotsatira ntchito inayake, pomwe kwenikweni, munthu nthawi zonse amasankha kutsatira kapena kukana.
Chikhulupiriro choipa chimasonyeza kuti ufulu ukhoza kuponderezedwa m'maganizo. Anthu nthawi zambiri amafuna chitonthozo mu kutsimikiza mtima—poganiza kuti mikhalidwe ndi tsogolo—kuti apewe kukumana ndi vuto la kusankha.
Udindo Waukulu ndi Gawo la Makhalidwe Abwino
Ufulu wa Sartre nthawi zonse umalumikizidwa ndi udindo. Ngati ndimadzipanga ndekha kudzera mu chisankho, ndiye kuti ndili ndi udindo pa ine ndekha. Kuphatikiza apo, Sartre akunena kuti munthu akasankha, nthawi yomweyo amatsimikiza chithunzi cha munthu amene amamuona kuti ndi woyenera: chisankho changa chimakhala ndi umboni wosatsutsika woti ndi wofunika. Chifukwa chake, ufulu uli ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso chikhalidwe: zochita zathu sizili zopanda tsankho.
Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti Sartre amapereka mndandanda wa makhalidwe abwino wokonzedwa kale. Amakana makhalidwe abwino ochokera ku umunthu wa munthu kapena zofunikira za chilengedwe. Chomwe akugogomezera ndi kuwona mtima kwa moyo: kuzindikira kuti ndife omwe timasankha ndipo tili ndi udindo pa zotsatira zake, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro odzinyenga okha komanso otsimikiza.
Ufulu, Mkhalidwe wa Anthu, ndi Kutsutsa kwa Kutsimikiza kwa Kapangidwe ka Zinthu
Pambuyo pake Sartre anayesanso kugwirizanitsa kukhalapo kwa zinthu ndi kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu—mwachitsanzo, pogwirizana kwake ndi Marxism, ngakhale kuti inali yogwirizana kwambiri. Anazindikira kukhalapo kwa magulu opondereza a anthu: magulu, mabungwe, malingaliro, ndi mphamvu. Magulu amenewa amatha kudziwa kwambiri mwayi wa moyo wa munthu. Komabe, adanenetsa kuti mapangidwewa "satseka" kwathunthu nkhaniyi. Anthu akadali ndi malo—ngakhale ang'onoang'ono—oti aime ndikuchitapo kanthu, ngakhale kuti kuchita zimenezo kumatanthauza kusankha kuteteza, kukana, kukambirana, kapena kupanga mgwirizano.
Mu dongosolo ili, kudzidalira kwa anthu kumamveka ngati kufotokozera za kukakamizidwa koyenera, osati kuchotsa ufulu wodzisankhira. Sartre amakana mfundo ziwiri zokhwima: ufulu wokwanira, wopanda malire (womwe umanyalanyaza mfundo za anthu) ndi kudzidalira kwathunthu (komwe kumachotsa mutuwo).
Mapeto: Ufulu Wodzichepetsa
Malinga ndi Sartre, ufulu si mawu oti "mukhoza kukhala chilichonse." Ufulu ndi chenicheni chomwe anthu nthawi zonse amakhala nacho posankha, ngakhale zisankho zawo zili zochepa. Kutsimikiza mtima, kwa Sartre, kumalephera chifukwa kumaganiza kuti anthu ndi zotsatira za chifukwa ndi zotsatira; pomwe zomwe anthu akumana nazo zimasonyeza kukhalapo kwa chidziwitso chomwe chimatha kupatula, kuwunika, ndikusankha njira. Koma Sartre si wosadziwa: kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro—thupi, mbiri, kapangidwe ka anthu—ndi malire enieni omwe amachititsa kuti ufulu uzigwira ntchito nthawi zonse mkati mwa zochitika.
Pomaliza pake, Sartre akutilimbikitsa kukhala opanda chikhulupiriro choipa: kuvomereza ufulu wathu, kuvomereza malire athu, ndikukhalabe ndi udindo pa momwe timayankhira malirewo. M'dziko lomwe nthawi zambiri limatiyesa kuti tiziimba mlandu zochitika, Sartre akutikumbutsa kuti kukhala munthu kumatanthauza "kukhala" nthawi zonse, ndipo njira imeneyo nthawi zonse imaphatikizapo ufulu womwe umamasula komanso woopsa.
