Chiphunzitso cha Kierkegaard cha Kukhalapo kwa Chikhristu: Chidziwitso Chozama cha Filosofi
Kupezeka kwa Zinthu ndi sukulu ya filosofi yomwe imagogomezera kukhalapo kwa munthu payekha, ufulu wa munthu payekha, kusankha, ndi udindo. Chimodzi mwa mitundu yochititsa chidwi komanso yozama ya kukhalapo kwa zinthu ndi kukhalapo kwachikhristu, komwe kunapangidwa ndi katswiri wafilosofi waku Denmark Søren Kierkegaard. Kierkegaard, yemwe nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi "Bambo wa Kupezeka kwa Zinthu," amaona kukhalapo kwa anthu kudzera mu lingaliro la chikhulupiriro chachikhristu, ndikupanga malingaliro apadera komanso ovuta a tanthauzo la moyo , makhalidwe abwino, ndi ubale ndi Mulungu. Nkhaniyi ikambirana mfundo zazikulu za kukhalapo kwachikhristu kwa Kierkegaard ndi tanthauzo la kuganiza kumeneku pa moyo wachikhristu ndi chikhulupiriro.
Mbiri ya Kierkegaard
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard anabadwa mu 1813 ku Copenhagen, Denmark. Anakulira m'banja lachikhristu lokonda kwambiri chipembedzo, makamaka chifukwa cha abambo ake olemera koma oda nkhawa komanso okhumudwa. Zomwe anakumana nazo ali mwana komanso kusamvana kwake kwakukulu pankhani ya chikhulupiriro ndi kukhalapo kwa anthu zinapangitsa Kierkegaard kufufuza nkhani zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu.
Kierkegaard analemba mabuku ambiri a filosofi, zaumulungu, ndi zolemba pofufuza ubale wa munthu ndi Mulungu. Anagwiritsa ntchito mayina osiyanasiyana olakwika pofotokoza malingaliro ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera mitu ya moyo, kusonyeza kuuma kwa malingaliro ake. Zina mwa ntchito zodziwika bwino za Kierkegaard ndi monga "Either/Or," "Fear and Trembling," "The Concept of Anxiety," ndi "The Sickness Unto Death."
Lingaliro Loyamba la Chikhristu Chokhalapo
Chiphunzitso cha Kierkegaard chokhudza kukhalapo kwa zinthu chimayang'ana kwambiri magawo atatu a moyo wa munthu: kukongola, makhalidwe abwino, ndi chipembedzo. Magawo awa akuwonetsa ulendo wa munthu aliyense wofunafuna tanthauzo ndi choonadi.
1. Gawo Lokongola: Pa gawoli, anthu amafunafuna chisangalalo ndi kukhutitsidwa ndi zinthu zokongoletsa, monga zaluso, nyimbo, ndi zosangalatsa. Moyo umadzaza ndi kufunafuna chisangalalo cha kanthawi kochepa popanda kuganizira zotsatira za nthawi yayitali kapena malingaliro abwino. Kierkegaard akufotokoza gawoli ngati lodzaza ndi chisangalalo koma pamapeto pake limabweretsa kukhumudwa ndi kutaya mtima chifukwa chosowa tanthauzo lenileni.
2. Gawo Lamakhalidwe Abwino: Munthu akazindikira kuti moyo wake ndi wopanda pake chifukwa cha zosangalatsa zokha, amatha kulowa mu gawo la makhalidwe abwino. Pa gawoli, cholinga chake chimakhala pa udindo wa makhalidwe abwino, udindo, ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu. Anthu amayamba kutsatira zabwino kudzera mu zochita zawo zabwino komanso kukhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi mfundo zapamwamba za makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, ngakhale kuti gawoli limabweretsa kuzama ndi kumva udindo, Kierkegaard adati silikukwaniritsadi zomwe akufuna.
3. Gawo la Chipembedzo: Gawoli ndi chimaliziro cha ulendo wa munthu wokhalapo malinga ndi Kierkegaard. Apa, munthuyo amazindikira zofooka za nzeru za anthu ndi kufunika kwa ubale waumwini ndi Mulungu. Izi zimaphatikizapo kulumpha kwa chikhulupiriro, momwe kulingalira ndi umboni wovomerezeka ziyenera kusiyidwa kuti munthu akhulupirire ndikudzipereka kwathunthu kwa Mulungu. Kierkegaard adagogomezera kuti ubale ndi Mulungu ndi waumwini komanso wodzaza ndi mavuto, chinthu chomwe sichingathe kufotokozedwa mwanzeru koma chiyenera kuchitika mwachindunji.
Kudumpha kwa Chikhulupiriro
Limodzi mwa malingaliro odziwika kwambiri mu lingaliro la Kierkegaard ndi "kudumphadumpha kwa chikhulupiriro." Mawu awa akufotokoza zomwe zimachitika munthu akasankha kutsogolera moyo wake mozindikira potengera chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu, ngakhale palibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti Mulungu alipo. Malinga ndi Kierkegaard, chikhulupiriro chenicheni chimaposa nzeru ndipo chingapezeke kokha mwa kudzipereka kwathunthu kwa Mulungu.
Kudumphadumpha kwa chikhulupiriro kulinso ndi zinthu zosokoneza. Kierkegaard analemba za lamulo la Abrahamu loperekedwa ndi Mulungu loti apereke mwana wake, Isake, monga chitsanzo cha kusamvana pakati pa makhalidwe abwino a dziko lapansi ndi kudzipereka kwachipembedzo. Abrahamu akufotokozedwa ngati "ngwazi ya chikhulupiriro" yofunitsitsa kupitirira makhalidwe abwino kuti amvere lamulo la Mulungu, ngakhale kuti likuoneka lopanda nzeru.
Kutaya Mtima ndi Uchimo
Kierkegaard adakambirananso za malingaliro okhudza kutaya mtima ndi uchimo kwambiri pankhani ya kukhalapo kwachikhristu. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti kutaya mtima ndi mkhalidwe wofunikira wa munthu, womwe umachokera ku kusagwirizana pakati pa dziko la munthu (lotha) ndi umunthu waumulungu (wosatha). Kutaya mtima kungawonekere m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kutaya mtima kofuna kukhala wekha koma osatha, kapena kutaya mtima kosafuna kukhala wekha weniweni.
Uchimo, malinga ndi Kierkegaard, ndi chikhumbo chofuna kupewa kukhala munthu weniweni poyerekeza ndi Mulungu. Uchimo si kuphwanya malamulo a makhalidwe abwino okha, komanso kukana kwa munthu kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu. Kutaya mtima kosathetsedwa pamapeto pake kumabweretsa uchimo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu akhale ndi mkangano waukulu.
Zotsatira zake mu Moyo wa Chikhristu
Lingaliro la Kierkegaard lili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa moyo wachikhristu ndi chikhulupiriro. Choyamba, akulimbikitsa Akristu kuti akhale ndi ubale weniweni ndi Mulungu. Chikhulupiriro si chinthu cholowa kapena cholandiridwa mopanda kungokhala chete, koma chiyenera kukhala ndi moyo ndikumenyedwa ndi kudzipereka kwathunthu.
Chachiwiri, Kierkegaard akutikumbutsa kuti moyo wachikhristu nthawi zonse si wabwino kapena womveka bwino. Machitidwe a chikhulupiriro angawoneke ngati osamveka bwino kapena otsutsana ndi miyambo ya anthu, koma chimenecho ndicho maziko a chikhulupiriro chenicheni. Izi zimakakamiza Akristu kuti achite zinthu zolimba mtima komanso zamphamvu potsatira kuitana kwa Mulungu.
Chachitatu, Kierkegaard akupereka malingaliro ozama pa kuvutika ndi kutaya mtima. Amavomereza kuti moyo uli wodzaza ndi mavuto okhalapo, koma kudzera mu kuvutika ndi kutaya mtima, anthu ali ndi mwayi wopeza tanthauzo lenileni la chikhulupiriro mwa Mulungu. Kuvutika si chinthu choyenera kupewa, koma chinthu chomwe chingabweretse anthu pafupi ndi Mulungu.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha Kierkegaard cha kukhalapo kwa chikhristu chimapereka lingaliro lapadera komanso lozama pa tanthauzo la moyo, makhalidwe abwino, ndi ubale ndi Mulungu. Mwa kutsindika kufunika kwa ubale waumwini ndi kudzipereka kwathunthu kwa Mulungu kudzera mu chikhulupiriro chodumphadumpha, Kierkegaard amatsutsa ndikulimbikitsa moyo wachikhristu. Ntchito zake zimatipempha kuti tiganizire za kuzama kwa chikhulupiriro chathu, kuthana ndi mavuto molimba mtima, ndi kufunafuna tanthauzo lenileni mu kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi Mulungu. Lingaliro la Kierkegaard likadali lofunikira komanso lolimbikitsa lerolino, kutithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino ulendo wovuta komanso wovuta wauzimu.
