Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ukadaulo wa Radar mu Archaeology
Zakale zakale zakhala zikufanana ndi kukumba, kugwiritsa ntchito maburashi ang'onoang'ono, komanso kupeza zinthu zakale pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwasintha momwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amagwirira ntchito. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zatsopano zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa radar kuti "muone" zomwe zili pansi pa nthaka popanda kukumba kaye. Radar mu nkhani ya zakale sikuti imangofulumizitsa kafukufuku komanso imathandiza kusunga malo, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka, komanso kukonza kulondola kwa mapu. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe ukadaulo wa radar umagwiritsidwira ntchito mu kafukufuku wa zakale, mfundo zake zogwirira ntchito, ubwino, zofooka, ndi zitsanzo za momwe umagwiritsidwira ntchito pophunzira malo akale.
Kodi ukadaulo wa radar mu zinthu zakale ndi chiyani?
Mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale, mawu oti "radar" nthawi zambiri amatanthauza Radar Yolowa Pansi (GPR). GPR ndi njira ya geophysical yomwe imatumiza mafunde amagetsi kupita pansi kudzera mu antenna. Mafunde awa amabwereranso akakumana ndi kusiyana kwa zinthu zakuthupi, monga pakati pa nthaka yoyambirira ndi mwala wina, njerwa, malo oikidwa m'manda, kapena gawo lina la sedimentary. Kenako ma reflection awa amajambulidwa ndi antenna yolandira ndikusinthidwa kukhala deta yowoneka bwino yowonetsa momwe zinthu zilili pansi pa nthaka.
Kupatula GPR, palinso njira zina zofufuzira zinthu zakale, monga SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za satelayiti kapena ndege kuti ziwonetse kusintha kwa pamwamba ndi malo pamlingo waukulu. Ngakhale kuti ndi zosiyana kukula ndi cholinga, zonse ziwirizi zimakwaniritsa cholinga chimodzi: kuthandiza akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale kupeza zizindikiro popanda njira zowononga.
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya GPR: "kuwerenga" mafunde owunikira
GPR imagwira ntchito mofanana ndi sonar pa sitima, koma imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde amagetsi m'malo mwa mafunde amawu. Chipangizo cha GPR chimatumiza mafunde amawu pansi pa nthaka. Mafunde akafika pamalire pakati pa zipangizo ziwiri zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi—monga dothi lonyowa ndi miyala, kapena mchenga ndi kapangidwe ka khoma—mphamvu zina zimabwereranso.
Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala radargram, gawo lozungulira la magawo awiri lomwe likuwonetsa mphamvu ya kuwunikira pa kuya kwina. Mwa kuchita ma scan mobwerezabwereza mu gridi, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatha kupanga zitsanzo za magawo atatu kuti alembe zolakwika ndikutanthauzira nyumba zomwe zingatheke monga maziko omangira, ngalande, misewu yakale, komanso manda.
Mafupipafupi a ma antenna ndi ofunikira kwambiri: ma frequency apamwamba amapereka mawonekedwe abwino koma akuya kwambiri, pomwe ma frequency otsika amalowa kwambiri koma amapanga tsatanetsatane wochepa. Chifukwa chake, kusankha kasinthidwe ka chipangizocho kumadalira mawonekedwe a malo ndi zolinga za kafukufuku.
Ubwino waukulu wa radar mu zofukula zakale
1. Njira yosawononga
Ubwino waukulu kwambiri ndi wakuti malo ake ndi osawononga. Malo ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale ndi ofooka, otetezedwa ndi lamulo, kapena ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa anthu am'deralo. Pogwiritsa ntchito radar, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatha kuwona momwe malowo alili asanafukule, ndipo nthawi zina, amatha kupewa kufukula konse.
2. Nthawi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama
Kufukula kumafuna anthu ambiri, nthawi, komanso ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera ntchito. GPR imalola kufufuza mwachangu kuti apeze madera abwino kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kufukula kukhale kolunjika kwambiri.
3. Kujambula mapu a nyumba zovuta
Malo akale a m'mizinda kapena nyumba za akachisi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo za nyumba ndi momwe malo amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Radar imathandiza kupanga mapangidwe a nyumba omwe saoneka pamwamba, monga mapulani a nyumba, maukonde otulutsira madzi, kapena malire a malo okhala.
4. Thandizo kusamalira ndi kuyang'anira malo
Deta ya radar ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mapulani oteteza malo, kudziwa madera oyendera alendo, kapena kupanga mapu a madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka komanso chitukuko chamakono. Chidziwitso chachinsinsi chimathandiza opanga mfundo kupanga zisankho zodziwa bwino ntchito yawo.
Mapulogalamu owonera kutali a SAR ndi radar
Kupatula GPR, radar imabweranso mu mawonekedwe a remote sensing, monga Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Mosiyana ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino, SAR imatha kulowa mumtambo ndikugwira ntchito masana kapena usiku. Mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale, SAR ingathandize kuzindikira zizindikiro za malo akale kudzera mu kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka pamwamba, chinyezi cha nthaka, kapena microrelief zomwe sizikuwoneka mosavuta ndi maso. M'madera omwe ali ndi zomera kapena omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitambo, SAR imakhala chida chofunikira pa kafukufuku wamadera, makamaka ikaphatikizidwa ndi deta ina monga LiDAR, kujambula zithunzi zamlengalenga, ndi zithunzi za multispectral.
Zitsanzo za kugwiritsa ntchito radar m'munda
Ukadaulo wa radar wagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, GPR nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza manda popanda kukumba, kujambula maziko a nyumba zobisika, kapena kutsatira misewu ndi ngalande zodzitetezera. M'mizinda yambiri yakale, GPR imagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula nyumba zakale pansi pa misewu yamakono, kuthandiza kukonzekera chitukuko kuti asawononge cholowa cha chikhalidwe. M'malo akale oikamo manda, radar imathandizanso kwambiri pozindikira malo ndi kuya kwa manda popanda kusokoneza mitembo ya anthu.
Pamlingo waukulu, radar ya satellite ingathandize kuzindikira mawonekedwe a malo omwe amasonyeza kuti pali malo, monga njira zakale za mitsinje, zipsera za ngalande, kapena zitunda zomwe zikuyimira zotsalira za nyumba. Chifukwa chake, radar ingathandize kuyambira siteji yofufuzira mpaka zolemba.
Mavuto ndi zolepheretsa
Ngakhale kuti ikupereka lonjezo, ukadaulo wa radar nthawi zina supanga deta yosavuta kutanthauzira. Pali zoletsa zingapo zofunika:
1. Mkhalidwe wa nthaka umakhudza kwambiri zotsatira zake. Dongo kapena nthaka yonyowa kwambiri imatha kuyamwa mphamvu ya mafunde, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti isalowe pansi kwambiri komanso kuti isawonekere bwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mchenga wouma nthawi zambiri umabweretsa zotsatira zabwino.
2. Kutanthauzira deta kumafuna ukatswiri. Zovuta zomwe zili pa radargram sizikutanthauza kuti ndi zinthu zakale; zitha kukhala mizu ya mitengo, miyala yachilengedwe, kapena zovuta zamakono monga mapaipi ndi zingwe.
3. Kutsimikiza ndi kuzama ndi kusiyana. Zolinga zazing'ono pa kuya kwakukulu zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira, makamaka ngati ma frequency a antenna si olondola.
4. Kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kuipitsidwa kwamakono. Malo okhala m'mizinda akhoza kudzazidwa ndi zinthu zachitsulo, konkire, ndi zingwe zamagetsi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zolimba komanso zosokoneza.
5. Zofunikira pakukonza ndi kutsimikizira. Deta ya radar iyenera kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina, monga kufukula pang'ono (dzenje loyesera), magnetometry, kukana nthaka, kapena kuboola zinthu zakale.
Kuphatikiza ndi ukadaulo wina
Masiku ano, radar siigwira ntchito yokha. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza GPR ndi GPS yolondola kwambiri kuti apezereferensi, mapulogalamu a 3D modeling kuti awonetse zithunzi, ndi njira zina za geophysical kuti zigwirizane. Magnetometry ndi yothandiza pozindikira ntchito yoyaka kapena nyumba zinazake; resistivity imathandiza kupanga makoma ndi ngalande; ndipo LiDAR imachita bwino kwambiri poona malo ang'onoang'ono m'nkhalango. Deta yonse ikaphatikizidwa, chithunzi cha malowo chimakhala chokwanira komanso cholondola kwambiri.
Zotsatira pa tsogolo la zinthu zakale
Kugwiritsa ntchito radar kukuwonetsa kusintha kwa kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale kupita ku njira yogwiritsira ntchito digito, yoyezeka, komanso yosamalira zachilengedwe. M'tsogolomu, kupita patsogolo kwa makompyuta ndi luntha lochita kupanga kungathandize kukonza ma radargram okha, kugawa zolakwika, ndi kulosera mitundu ya zomangamanga zomwe zingabisike. Kuphatikiza apo, zida za GPR zopepuka komanso zotsika mtengo zimathandiza kufufuza ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale m'malo akutali.
Nthawi yomweyo, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zimakhalabe zofunika kwambiri. Deta yachinsinsi yovumbulutsa malo a manda kapena malo opatulika iyenera kusamalidwa mosamala kuti isagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwika poba kapena kuwononga. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ayenera kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu am'deralo ndi madera, kuonetsetsa kuti ukadaulo ukugwiritsidwa ntchito posunga, osati kuwononga.
Mapeto
Ukadaulo wa radar, makamaka radar yomwe imalowa pansi, wakhala chida chosinthira zinthu zakale. Chifukwa cha luso lake lojambula mapu osawononga nyumba zapansi panthaka, radar imathandiza akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale kupeza, kulemba, ndikuteteza cholowa cha chikhalidwe bwino. Ngakhale kuti pali zopinga chifukwa cha mikhalidwe ya pansi komanso kutanthauzira kovuta, radar ikadali gawo lofunika kwambiri la zida zamakono zofukula zinthu zakale. Ikaphatikizidwa ndi njira zina komanso kuthandizidwa ndi kusanthula kwa digito, ukadaulo wa radar umatsegula mwayi watsopano womvetsetsa zakale popanda kuwononga zizindikiro zake.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kukhala mawu 1000, kuwonjezera maphunziro enaake (monga malo akachisi ku Indonesia), kapena kupanga buku la maphunziro lokhala ndi mabuku ofotokozera nkhani.
