Chikhalidwe Chazinthu Zachilengedwe M'magulu Akale
Chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi ndi zinthu zonse zomwe anthu adalenga mu mawonekedwe a zinthu, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukwaniritsa zosowa za moyo, kufotokoza malingaliro, ndikumanga ubale wa anthu. Ponena za mbiri isanayambe—nthawi yomwe anthu asanadziwe kulemba—chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi ndicho “chizindikiro” chofunikira kwambiri chomvetsetsa moyo wakale wa anthu. Kudzera mu zinthu zakale, mawonekedwe, ndi zotsalira za zochitika, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakonzanso momwe anthu akale adapulumukira, kuyendayenda, kusamalira chilengedwe, ndikupanga mayina a magulu. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi, mitundu yake, ndi udindo wake pomvetsetsa magulu akale , makamaka m'zilumba za ku Indonesia ndi padziko lonse lapansi.
Kodi Chikhalidwe Cha Zinthu Zachilengedwe N'chiyani?
Chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi chimaphatikizapo zinthu zopangidwa, zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zosinthidwa, kapena zosiyidwa ndi anthu. Kwa anthu akale, chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi sichinali chida chokha; chinalinso gawo la dongosolo la chidziwitso ndi zizindikiro za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, nkhwangwa yamwala si chida chongodulira nkhuni; imasonyezanso ukadaulo wodziwika bwino, mitundu ya zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi moyo (kusaka, kusonkhanitsa, kapena ulimi) womwe umachitika.
Mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale, chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi nthawi zambiri chimagawidwa m'magulu awa:
1. Zinthu zakale, zomwe ndi zinthu zomwe zimasunthidwa kapena kupangidwa ndi anthu (zipangizo za miyala, zoumba, zodzikongoletsera).
2. Zinthu zomwe sizingasunthidwe popanda kuwononga malo ake (mabowo a positi, malo ophikira moto, ngalande, zipilala zazikulu).
3. Zachilengedwe, zomwe ndi zotsalira za organic zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu (mafupa a nyama, mbewu, zinyalala za chakudya, makala).
4. Nkhani, monga malo ndi ubale pakati pa zomwe zapezeka m'nthaka, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakutanthauzira.
Popanda kulemba, tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi limawerengedwa kudzera m'mapangidwe: mawonekedwe, zipangizo, njira zopangira, zizindikiro za kagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndi kufalikira kwa zomwe zapezeka mumlengalenga ndi nthawi.
Chikhalidwe Cha Zinthu Zakuthupi ndi Magawo a Moyo Wakale
Mwachidule, chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakale chinapitirira limodzi ndi kusintha kwa miyoyo ya anthu . Ngakhale kuti chigawo chilichonse chili ndi nthawi yosiyana, nthawi zambiri chimatha kumvedwa kudzera m'magawo angapo: Paleolithic ( Nthawi Yakale ya Miyala ), Mesolithic (Nthawi ya Pakati ya Miyala), Neolithic (Nthawi Yatsopano ya Miyala), ndi Mkuwa (ntchito zachitsulo zoyambirira).
1. Paleolithic: Zida Zamwala ndi Kuyenda Kwambiri
Mu nthawi ya Paleolithic, panali chipembedzo. anthu akale nthawi zambiri ankakhala monga osaka ndi osonkhanitsa. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha zinthu chinali ndi zida zosavuta za miyala monga zodulira, zida zodulira, ndi nyundo. Makhalidwe ake ndi awa:
– Ukadaulo wodula miyala ukadali wosakhwima, koma umagwira ntchito podula, kupukuta zifuwa, kapena kukonza mizu.
- Kuyenda kwambiri, kotero kuti zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwira ntchito komanso zosavuta kunyamula.
- Kusowa kwa malo okhala okhazikika, chifukwa magulu amasamuka malinga ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu.
Mu gawo ili, chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi chimasonyeza kusinthasintha: anthu amasankha miyala yoyenera, amamvetsetsa komwe zidutswazo zikupita, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zida malinga ndi zosowa zawo.
2. Mesolithic: Zatsopano Zakumaloko ndi Kusintha kwa Zachilengedwe
Nthawi zambiri Mesolithic imatchedwa nthawi yosinthira. Anthu anapitiriza kusaka ndi kusonkhanitsa, koma anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje. Chikhalidwe cha zinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri chimaphatikizapo:
– Ma Microlith (zida zazing'ono zamwala) zomwe mwina zinkayikidwa pa zogwirira kuti apange mivi kapena mikondo.
– Zinyalala za zipolopolo (kjokkenmoddinger) m'madera ena, zimasonyeza kuti anthu amadya zakudya zokhazikika komanso amakhala m'nyumba zawo.
- Zida za mafupa ndi nyanga, zomwe zikusonyeza kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Pa nthawi imeneyi, chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi chinavumbula njira zosiyanasiyana zopulumukira. Anthu sankangofunafuna nyama zazikulu zokha komanso ankapeza nsomba, nsomba, ndi nkhono zambiri.
3. Neolithic: Kusintha kwa Kupanga ndi Kukhazikika
Nthawi ya Neolithic inali yodziwika ndi kubuka kwa kupanga chakudya kudzera mu ulimi ndi ulimi wa ziweto. Kusintha kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha zinthu zakuthupi chikhale chofulumira:
- Nkhwangwa za miyala zonoledwa (zosalala komanso zakuthwa) zochotsera nthaka ndi kukonza matabwa.
- Zopangira mbiya zosungira, kuphika, ndi kunyamula chakudya.
- Malo okhala anthu ambiri, monga momwe taonera kuchokera ku mabwinja a nyumba, mabowo a positi, ndi malo ophikira moto omwe amabwerezedwabwerezedwa.
Mu zilumba za ku Indonesia, miyambo ya Neolithic imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusamuka ndi kufalikira kwa olankhula Chiaustronesia omwe adabweretsa ukadaulo wokonzedwa bwino wa miyala, kulima zomera, ndi luso loyenda panyanja. Kutuluka kwa miphika kunakhudzanso chikhalidwe cha anthu: kusunga chakudya kunathandiza kupanga malo osungiramo zinthu, kugawa ntchito, ndi kukonza madera.
4. Megalithic: Zizindikiro, Miyambo, ndi Kudziwika kwa Gulu
M'madera ena, makamaka ku Indonesia, miyambo ya megalithic yakula: kumanga miyala ikuluikulu ngati njira yochitira mwambo kapena kulemekeza. Chikhalidwe cha zinthu za megalithic chimaphatikizapo:
– Menhir (chikumbutso cha miyala)
– Dolmen (tebulo la miyala)
- Manda a miyala ndi miyala
- Chifaniziro cha mwala
Zipilala zazikulu zimasonyeza zinthu zosakhudzana ndi chuma monga zikhulupiriro, miyambo ya imfa, udindo wa anthu, ndi kukumbukira anthu onse. Kumanga miyala ikuluikulu kumafuna ntchito, mgwirizano, ndi utsogoleri, motero kusonyeza kuti panali dongosolo lovuta kwambiri la anthu.
5. M'badwo wa Bronze: Zitsulo, Zapadera, ndi Ma Network Osinthana
Pamene anthu anayamba kudziwa zachitsulo, chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi chinayamba kusonyeza luso lapadera. Southeast Asia, zinthu zamkuwa monga ng'oma, nkhwangwa za funnel, zodzikongoletsera, ndi zida ndi umboni:
- Ukadaulo wosungunula ndi kuponyera umafunika chidziwitso chambiri.
- Udindo wa amisiri (undagi) monga gulu la akatswiri.
- Ma network ogulitsa chifukwa zipangizo zopangira zitsulo sizimapezeka nthawi zonse pamalo amodzi.
Zinthu zachitsulo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ntchito zophiphiritsira. Mwachitsanzo, nekara si chida chokha komanso imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamwambo, monga chizindikiro cha udindo, kapena ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu.
Ntchito ya Chikhalidwe Chazinthu Zachilengedwe mu Moyo Wakale
Chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakale chisanachitike chingamveke kudzera m'ntchito zingapo zazikulu:
1. Ntchito yothandiza (kugona mokwanira)
Zipangizo za miyala, mafupa, ndi mbiya zinathandiza anthu kupeza, kukonza, ndi kusunga chakudya.
2. Ntchito za ukadaulo ndi chidziwitso
Chida chilichonse chili ndi buku lofotokozera momwe mungapangire zinthu ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zinthu. Njira monga kupereta miyala kapena kuponda zitsulo zimasonyeza chidziwitso chomwe chaperekedwa kwa mibadwomibadwo.
3. Ntchito za anthu ndi zachuma
Zodzikongoletsera zofala, zinthu zosowa, ndi zinthu zakale zimasonyeza kusinthana, malonda, kapena mphatso pakati pa magulu. Kukhala ndi zinthu zina kungathe kusonyeza kuti pali anthu omwe ali ndi udindo.
4. Ntchito zophiphiritsa komanso zachipembedzo
Manda, katundu wa manda, zipilala zazikulu, ndi ziboliboli zimavumbula malingaliro okhudza imfa, makolo, ndi dziko lauzimu.
5. Ntchito zodziwika ndi zolumikizirana
Zojambula zokongoletsera pa mbiya, mawonekedwe a zodzikongoletsera, ndi mitundu ya zida zitha kukhala "chilankhulo" cha kudziwika kwa gulu, kusiyanitsa gulu limodzi ndi lina.
Kodi Ofufuza Amawerenga Bwanji Chikhalidwe Cha Zinthu?
Kuti amvetse chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakale, ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana:
- Mtundu: kusonkhanitsa zinthu zakale kutengera mawonekedwe ndi kalembedwe kuti zisinthe pakapita nthawi.
- Kusanthula momwe chidachi chimagwirira ntchito: kufunafuna mikwingwirima kapena kuvulala kuti mudziwe momwe chidachi chimagwirira ntchito.
– Kusanthula zotsalira: kuyesa zotsalira za mankhwala pa mbiya kapena zida kuti mudziwe mtundu wa chakudya kapena zinthu zomwe zakonzedwa.
- Kupeza chibwenzi: monga kupeza chibwenzi cha radiocarbon kuti mudziwe zaka za zomwe zapezeka.
- Kuphunzira za zinthu zakale: kufufuza malo a zinthu zakale zomwe zili mu nthaka komanso ubale wawo ndi zinthu zina zomwe zapezeka.
Ndi njira iyi, chidutswa cha mbiya chingapereke chidziwitso chokhudza zakudya, malonda, komanso kapangidwe ka anthu.
Kutseka
Chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi ndi chofunikira kwambiri pomvetsetsa magulu akale. Kudzera mu zida za miyala, miphika, zipilala zazikulu, ndi zinthu zakale zachitsulo, titha kutsatira kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu kuyambira pa asodzi oyenda kwambiri kupita kumadera okhala ndi ulimi, miyambo yovuta, komanso maukonde ambiri osinthirana. Zinthu zakale sizimangokhala zotsalira zakale, koma ndi zolemba zakale zomwe zimalemba luso la anthu laukadaulo, kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kayendetsedwe ka anthu, ndi zikhulupiriro. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi sikungokhudza kusonkhanitsa zinthu zakale, komanso kuwerenga nkhani ya momwe anthu adamangira chitukuko kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe adapanga ndi kuzisiya.
