Machitidwe a Zikhulupiriro za Mabungwe Akale
Anthu asanaphunzire kulemba ndi kupanga chitukuko chokhala ndi zolemba zakale zokonzedwa bwino, anali atapanga kale malingaliro a dziko lonse: okhudza moyo ndi imfa, za chilengedwe, ndi mphamvu zomwe zimamveka koma sizimawonedwa nthawi zonse. Maganizo a dziko lapansi awa pambuyo pake adakula kukhala machitidwe a zikhulupiriro za magulu akale. Ngakhale kuti umboni nthawi zambiri sumachokera m'malemba, koma kuchokera ku zinthu zakale, zojambula m'mapanga, nyumba za miyala, ndi mapangidwe a manda, akatswiri amatha kutanthauzira anthu akale ngati omwe anali ndi zikhulupiriro zovuta kwambiri. Machitidwe a zikhulupiriro awa adakhudza khalidwe la tsiku ndi tsiku, kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe, komanso miyambo ya anthu m'magulu.
Kumvetsetsa "chikhulupiriro" m'nthawi zakale
Mawu akuti "dongosolo la chikhulupiriro" m'magulu akale sankatanthauza chipembedzo monga momwe tikuchidziwira masiku ano—chomwe chili ndi malemba, mabungwe, ndi dongosolo lotsogolera. Zikhulupiriro zakale zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro, zizindikiro, ndi miyambo yoperekedwa pakamwa. Anafotokoza chifukwa chake mphezi imawomba, chifukwa chake nyama zimakhala zambiri kapena zochepa, chifukwa chake anthu amadwala, ndi zomwe zimachitika munthu akafa. Zikhulupiriro zimenezi zinachokera ku kufunika kwa anthu kumvetsetsa kusatsimikizika kwa chilengedwe pamene akulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa magulu.
Zikhulupiriro zimagwirizanitsidwanso kwambiri ndi zochitika zodziwika bwino. Mabungwe akale ankaona zochitika zachilengedwe: usana ndi usiku, nyengo zamvula ndi zouma, kubadwa ndi imfa. Kuchokera m'njira zimenezi, chikhulupiriro chakuti panali "dongosolo" losungidwa ndi mphamvu zinazake. Pamene dongosololi linasokonezedwa—mwachitsanzo, ndi masoka, mliri, kapena kulephera kwa mbewu—pankafunika miyambo ina, zopereka, kapena zoletsa kuti pakhale bata.
Chipembedzo cha mizimu: kukhulupirira mizimu ndi mphamvu ya moyo
Chimodzi mwa zikhulupiriro zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu akale ndi chipembedzo cha animism. Chipembedzo cha animism ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti zinthu zachilengedwe zili ndi mzimu kapena mphamvu ya moyo: mitengo ikuluikulu, miyala ina, mitsinje, mapiri, komanso nyama zakuthengo. Mkati mwa dongosololi, chilengedwe si "chuma" chokha, koma malo okhala ndi chifuniro ndipo ayenera kulemekezedwa.
Umboni wa kukhulupirira mizimu ukhoza kutsatiridwa kudzera m'miyambo yosiyanasiyana yachikhalidwe, monga miyambo ya maliro yomwe imasonyeza kulemekeza akufa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina ngati zithumwa. Ngati anthu akale ankakhulupirira kuti mizimu ya makolo kapena mizimu yachilengedwe ingakhudze moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndiye kuti ubale ndi dziko la mizimu unali wofunikira kwambiri kuti gulu likhale lotetezeka. Mwachitsanzo, miyambo yopempherera mizimu yosamalira nkhalango musanasake ikhoza kumveka ngati njira yauzimu komanso njira yothandiza anthu kuti aliyense amve kuti ali otetezeka komanso kutsatira malamulo omwe ali nawo.
Mphamvu: mphamvu yachilendo m'zinthu ndi malo
Kupatula pa chipembedzo cha mizimu, pali lingaliro la dynamism—chikhulupiriro chakuti chinthu chili ndi mphamvu inayake yachilendo kapena “mphamvu.” Mphamvu imeneyi nthawi zonse siimadziwika ngati mzimu, koma imaonedwa ngati mphamvu yomwe ingabweretse mwayi, chitetezo, kapena, mosiyana, tsoka. M'madera akale, dynamism imatha kuwonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito miyala, mafupa, mano a nyama, kapena zinthu zosowa ngati zizindikiro za mphamvu.
Mwachitsanzo, mwala wokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera kapena wochokera kutali ungaganizidwe kuti uli ndi mphamvu zapadera. Zinthu zotere zitha kusungidwa, kutengera cholowa, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zapadera monga zochitika zazikulu zosaka, kusamutsa nyumba, kapena miyambo ya maliro. Mphamvu imasonyeza kuti anthu akale ankaganiza zinthu zophiphiritsira: ankagwirizanitsa zinthu zina ndi matanthauzo ndi ntchito zomwe sizinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni.
Totemism: ubale wopatulika pakati pa anthu ndi nyama/zinthu
Totemism imatanthauza chikhulupiriro chakuti gulu lili ndi ubale wapadera ndi nyama, chomera, kapena chinthu china, chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi "totem." Totem imatha kukhala ngati zizindikiro za kudziwika kwa gulu, chitetezo, ndi zizindikiro za malire a anthu. M'mikhalidwe yakale, totemism mwina idachokera ku zomwe zidachitika pamoyo zomwe zimadalira kwambiri chilengedwe, makamaka nyama zakuthengo ndi zomera zakuthengo.
Ngati gulu limadalira kwambiri nyama inayake, limatha kupanga nthano zomwe zimaiona ngati kholo, wachibale, kapena wopereka chakudya. Chifukwa chake, pali malamulo olamulira momwe nyamayo iyenera kusakidwa, kuphedwa, kudyedwa, kapena nthawi yoti isadye. Chifukwa chake, totemism ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati njira yowongolera anthu komanso kasamalidwe ka zinthu, ngakhale kuti imabisidwa ngati chikhulupiriro chopatulika.
Kulemekeza makolo: kugwirizana ndi akufa
M'zikhalidwe zambiri zakale, kuphatikizapo zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ankagwirizana nazo m'nthawi zakale, kulemekeza makolo kunali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Chikhulupiriro chinali chosavuta koma champhamvu: akufa sanapitedi, koma amakhalabe mu mawonekedwe a mizimu yomwe ingapereke madalitso kapena machenjezo. Chifukwa chake, manda, katundu wa manda, ndi miyambo ina inali njira yosungira kulumikizana pakati pa amoyo ndi akufa.
Mwambo woika maliro ndi zinthu za m'manda—monga zodzikongoletsera, zida zamwala, kapena zoumba—umasonyeza lingaliro la moyo pambuyo pa imfa kapena ulendo wa mzimu. Maliro okonzedwa bwino amasonyezanso udindo wa anthu, ulemu, ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti momwe thupilo limachitidwira zimakhudza ubwino wa anthu ammudzi.
Malo a Megalithic ndi opatulika
M'madera ena, anthu akale ankamanga nyumba zazikulu za miyala (nyumba zazikulu) monga ma mehir, ma dolmens, ma piramidi oyenda pansi, kapena ma sarcophagi. Nyumbazi sizinali ntchito zaukadaulo zokha komanso zinali zipilala zachipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, ma Menhir nthawi zambiri ankagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulemekeza makolo kapena kulemba malo opatulika. Ma Dolmens ndi ma sarcophagi ankagwirizanitsidwa ndi miyambo yoika maliro ndi kulemekeza anthu ofunikira.
Kupezeka kwa nyumba zakale kumasonyeza kuti magulu akale anali okhoza kugwira ntchito limodzi pa ntchito zazikulu, ndipo ntchito yogwirizana yotereyi nthawi zambiri inkayendetsedwa ndi zifukwa zozama—kuphatikizapo zauzimu. Malo opatulika anakhala malo ochitira zinthu zachikhalidwe: malo ochitira miyambo, zokambirana, kudzoza atsogoleri, kapena miyambo yokhudza kubadwa, uchikulire, ndi imfa.
Miyambo ndi udindo wa atsogoleri auzimu
Zikhulupiriro si malingaliro okha; zimafotokozedwanso kudzera mu miyambo. Miyambo imathandiza kutsimikizira kudziwika kwa gulu ndikupereka mphamvu yolamulira zochitika zosayembekezereka, monga nyengo, kusaka, kapena matenda. M'madera akale, miyambo mwina inali yokhudza kuvina, kuimba, kugwiritsa ntchito moto, kupereka chakudya, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zinazake (monga utoto wofiira wa ocher pa thupi kapena zinthu).
Mu miyambo yotereyi, munthu wokhala ndi udindo wapadera angatuluke: nyanga, sing'anga, kapena mtsogoleri wa miyambo. Munthu ameneyu amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi luso lolankhulana ndi dziko la mizimu, kuchiritsa matenda, kapena kuwerenga malodza achilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse sipamakhala umboni wolunjika, machitidwe enieni a maliro kapena zinthu zina za miyambo nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati zizindikiro za udindo "wopatulika" wa anthu kuposa mamembala a magulu ena.
Zojambulajambula zakale monga mawu auzimu
Zojambula za m'mapanga, zosema, kapena mapangidwe a geometric pa miyala ndi mbiya nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati zaluso zakale. Komabe, luso limeneli silinali longofuna kukongola kokha. Akatswiri ambiri amatanthauzira zithunzi za nyama zosaka, zolemba zamanja, kapena zifaniziro za anthu ngati zogwirizana ndi miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro. Zojambula za nyama mwina zinali mbali ya "matsenga osaka" - zoyeserera zotsimikizira kusaka bwino. Zolemba zamanja zikanatha kukhala zizindikiro za kukhalapo, kudziwika, kapena mawu olumikizirana ndi malo opatulika.
Luso linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mtundu wa chilankhulo chowoneka bwino chisanayambe kulembedwa. Limasunga chidziwitso, nthano, ndi makhalidwe omwe amaperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwomibadwo. Kudzera mu luso, anthu akale ankasonyeza mantha awo, mantha, ndi ulemu wawo pa chilengedwe ndi zinsinsi za moyo.
Kutseka
Zikhulupiriro za magulu akale zinali maziko ofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chipembedzo cha mizimu, mphamvu, kulambira mizimu, ndi kulambira makolo zimasonyeza kuti anthu, kuyambira pachiyambi, anali ndi mphamvu zoganizira zinthu zophiphiritsira komanso kufunikira kopereka tanthauzo ku zochitika za moyo. Ngakhale kuti sizinakhazikitsidwe monga zipembedzo zazikulu, zikhulupiriro zakale zinapanga khalidwe la anthu, momwe anthu amachitira zachilengedwe, komanso momwe madera ankasungira bata. Kudzera m'zotsalira zakale—maliro, nyumba zakale, zojambulajambula za m'mapanga, ndi zinthu zakale—titha kuona kuti anthu akale sanangopulumuka komanso anamanga dziko lolemera la tanthauzo, zomwe zizindikiro zake zimakhudzabe miyambo yachikhalidwe masiku ano.
