Zakale Zakale ndi Malingaliro Odziwika Okhudza Chiwembu
Kufukula zakale kwenikweni ndi njira yasayansi yomvetsetsa zakale za anthu kudzera mu zinthu monga zinthu zakale, zomangamanga, zotsalira za chakudya, mafupa, malo okongola, komanso zolemba zakale. Njira zake zimadalira kufukula kolamulidwa, kuwerengera zaka (monga, kuwerengera zaka za radiocarbon), kusanthula kwa labotale, mapu, ndi kutanthauzira komwe kumayesedwanso nthawi zonse ndi zinthu zatsopano. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti zakale nthawi zambiri zimamveka ngati zachinsinsi komanso zosakwanira, kufukula zakale nthawi zambiri kumakhala malo abwino ophunzirira zachinyengo. Nkhani za chitukuko "chobisika", ukadaulo wakale "wogonjetsedwa ndi maboma," kapena zotsalira zomwe "sizikugwirizana ndi sayansi" zimafalikira mosavuta - makamaka m'nthawi ya malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza chifukwa chake ziphunzitso za kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale zili zokopa kwambiri, mitundu ya zomwe zimanenedwa nthawi zambiri, zitsanzo zodziwika bwino, komanso momwe mungasiyanitsire chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi nkhani zochititsa chidwi.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Kafukufuku Wakafukufuku Amalowetsedwa Mosavuta ndi Ziwembu?
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale umakhudzira anthu ambiri. Choyamba, umboni wa zinthu zakale ndi wochepa. Sitipeza kawirikawiri "nkhani yonse"; m'malo mwake, timapeza zidutswa zomwe ziyenera kulumikizidwa mosamala. Mipata ya chidziwitso imeneyi nthawi zambiri imadzazidwa ndi malingaliro. Chachiwiri, zomwe zapezeka m'mabwinja nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta ndipo zimafuna nkhani. Popanda nkhani, chinthu chopangidwa chingawoneke ngati "chachilendo" kapena "chosatheka" pamene pali kufotokozera kosavuta.
Chachitatu, zinthu zakale zimakhudza kudziwika ndi kunyada: chiyambi cha dziko, chipembedzo, kapena gulu linalake. Pachifukwa ichi, nkhani ya "chowonadi chobisika" imakhala yokopa kwambiri chifukwa imapereka mayankho omveka bwino komanso ochititsa chidwi. Chachinayi, atolankhani otchuka amakonda nkhani zodabwitsa. Mitu monga "ukadaulo wakale kwambiri" kapena "umboni wa alendo" imafalikira mwachangu kuposa malipoti ofufuza zinthu zakale.
Zitsanzo Zambiri za Malingaliro a Chiwembu cha Zakale
Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu, ziphunzitso za chinyengo cha zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri zimatsatira njira zotsatirazi:
1. Pali zinthu zina zomwe zapezeka zomwe "zimagwedeza mbiri yakale", koma "zimabisika" ndi akatswiri a maphunziro, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, kapena boma.
2. Sayansi yaikulu imaonedwa kuti ndi yongotsatira mfundo zake, kukana umboni chifukwa chakuti sukugwirizana ndi mfundo zokhazikika.
3. Chinthu kapena malo amachotsedwa m'nkhani yake kenako n'kutanthauziridwa momasuka.
4. Kudalira "zosazolowereka" popanda kutsimikizira, monga zithunzi zosawoneka bwino, mawu osachokera kwa akatswiri, kapena zonena za kupeza zinthu popanda malipoti asayansi.
5. Zolinga zazikulu: kusunga mphamvu, kubisa chiyambi cha anthu, kubisa ukadaulo waulere, ndi zina zotero.
Makhalidwe amenewa ndi othandiza kwambiri pamaganizo chifukwa amapereka chithunzi chakuti owerenga ali m'gulu lomwe "limadziwa chinsinsi."
Zitsanzo za Malingaliro Odziwika Kwambiri Okhudza Chiwembu mu Zakale Zakale
1. Atlantis ndi Zitukuko Zapadziko Lonse Zotayika
Nkhani ya Atlantis ndi imodzi mwa nkhani zodziwika kwambiri, zochokera ku zokambirana za Plato. Malingaliro ambiri okhudza chiwembu amakhulupirira kuti Atlantis inali chitukuko chotsogola chomwe chinalipodi, koma chinatayika chifukwa cha tsoka lalikulu. Akatswiri amakono nthawi zambiri amawonjezerapo mfundo yakuti Atlantis inasiya ukadaulo otsogola kapena ofalikira padziko lonse lapansi.
Vuto lalikulu si kuthekera kwa mzinda kapena chikhalidwe cholowa pansi—zomwezo n’zotheka m’malo ambiri—koma ndi kunena kwapadera kuti Atlantis inali pakati pa chitukuko cha padziko lonse chomwe chingathe kufotokoza mofanana mapiramidi, zipilala zazikulu, ndi chidziwitso chakale cha zakuthambo. Komabe, kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale akusonyeza kuti zinthu zambiri zatsopano zinayamba padera m’madera osiyanasiyana, motsogozedwa ndi malo am’deralo, zosowa za anthu, ndi maukonde amalonda okhazikika.
2. Alendo Anamanga Mapiramidi
Nkhani ya "oyenda m'mlengalenga akale" ikunena munthu wakale N'zosatheka kumanga mapiramidi kapena zipilala zazikulu popanda thandizo la zinthu zakuthambo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimadalira lingaliro lakuti ukadaulo wakale unali wochepa kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale ndi uinjiniya woyesera wasonyeza njira zosiyanasiyana zomveka bwino: njira zodumphira m'mwamba, ogwira ntchito okonzedwa bwino, zida zosavuta koma zothandiza, komanso kasamalidwe ka zinthu zazikulu.
Kuphatikiza apo, malingaliro a alendo nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza umboni wa chikhalidwe cha anthu: zolemba za ogwira ntchito, zotsalira za malo okhala, zizindikiro za zida, zojambulajambula, ndi unyolo wopezera zinthu. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, zonena izi zimapeputsanso mphamvu za anthu akale, ngati kuti zomwe anthu akwaniritsa zodabwitsa "zinaperekedwa" kwa alendo.
3. "Chopangidwa Chosapezeka" (OOPart)
OOPart ndi mawu otchuka a zinthu zakale zomwe zimaonedwa kuti "zapamwamba kwambiri" kapena "zakale," monga nkhani zokhudza mabatire akale, injini zamakono zoyendetsedwa ndi malasha akale, kapena mamapu omwe amati akuwonetsa Antarctica yopanda ayezi. Zina mwazinthuzi zimachokera ku kutanthauzira molakwika, zabodza, kapena malo osayenera a geology. Zina. zinthu zakale zoyambirira zomwe zimasokonezadi, koma chisokonezo choyamba sichitanthauza chiwembu chokha; pamenepo ndiye pomwe kafukufuku amafunikira.
Mu sayansi, zinthu zachilendo si mdani. Ndiwo omwe amayambitsa kafukufuku. Kusiyana kwake ndi kwakuti, sayansi imafuna zikalata: komwe zinthu zapezeka, nthaka, njira zopezera nthawi, ndi mabuku otsimikizika. Mabuku ambiri otchuka a OOParts amalephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi.
4. Mizere ya Nazca monga "UFO Landing"
Mizere ya Nazca ku Peru nthawi zambiri imanenedwa kuti ndi malo otsetsereka a UFO chifukwa ndi akulu ndipo amangowoneka bwino kuchokera mlengalenga. Komabe, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti anthu amatha kupanga mapangidwe akuluakuluwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosavuta zoyezera, zikhomo, ndi chingwe. Mizereyi imagwirizana ndi miyambo, zizindikiro, ndi malo opatulika, osati zofunikira zaukadaulo zoyendera ndege.
Kumvetsetsa bwino chikhalidwe cha Anazca—kuphatikizapo zinthu zadothi, zithunzi, ndi njira zomangira anthu—kumapereka umboni wakuti malo okhala anali mbali ya chikhulupiriro, osati chizindikiro cha alendo.
5. Zigaza za Crystal ndi Zonyenga Zomwe Zimakhala “Umboni”
Zinthu zina zodziwika bwino, monga "chibade cha kristalo," zinkaonedwa ngati zinthu zakale zodabwitsa. Zambiri mwa izi pambuyo pake zinatsimikiziridwa kuti zinapangidwa m'nthawi yamakono (monga zaka za m'ma 19/20). zapezeka kudzera mu kusanthula kwa zida, kapangidwe ka zinthu, ndi malo opangira. Milandu ngati iyi ikuwonetsa kufunika kwa mayeso a labotale ndi unyolo wa chiyambi. Zinthu zakale zopanda chiyambi zomwe zikuonekeratu kuti ndi zotetezeka kwambiri ku zinthu zabodza, makamaka pamene misika yosonkhanitsa zinthu ndi nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale imapereka zolimbikitsa zachuma.
6. Chiwembu cha "Zakale Zakale Choletsedwa"
Pali zonena kuti akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anabisa mwadala zomwe anapeza kuti ateteze "nkhani yovomerezeka." Inde, mu mbiri ya sayansi Chidziwitso chimakondera, ndale, komanso ngakhale kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika—palibe gawo lopanda phindu. Komabe, njira zowongolera m'mabwinja amakono zimalimbikitsa kuwonekera poyera: zofalitsa, misonkhano, njira zobwerezabwereza, ndi kuwunikanso kwa ma labotale osiyanasiyana. Kubisa zomwe zapezeka padziko lonse lapansi kungakhale kovuta kwambiri chifukwa kumakhudza ofufuza ambiri, mabungwe, ndi deta yolumikizidwa.
Kawirikawiri, chinthu chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi "chete" kwenikweni ndi chomwe sichinatsimikizidwe, sichili ndi maziko olimba a stratigraphic, kapena sichinawunikidwe ndi anzawo.
Zotsatira Zoipa za Malingaliro a Chiwembu pa Zakale
Malingaliro okhudza chiwembu nthawi zonse si "zosangalatsa" zokha. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala zenizeni. Choyamba, zitha kulimbikitsa kusaka chuma ndi kuba malo, kuwononga malo ofukula zinthu zakale mosasinthika. Chachiwiri, zitha kunyalanyaza zopereka za anthu am'deralo ndikunyoza mbiri ngati chinsinsi chabe, osati ntchito ya anthu. Chachitatu, ziwembu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zandale: kunena kuti "ufulu" wa madera kapena kudziwika mwa kusokoneza umboni.
Kumbali ina, chidwi cha anthu pa zinsinsi zakale chingakhale mwayi wophunzitsa—bola ngati chikuyang'ana njira ndi umboni, osati zinthu zokopa chidwi.
Momwe Mungayesere Zonena Zakale Kuti Mupewe Misampha Yochita Chiwembu
Pali mafunso othandiza omwe angathandize:
1. Kodi pali malipoti asayansi kapena zofalitsa zilizonse zomwe zingayang'aniridwe?
Osati mavidiyo kapena ma blog okha, komanso zinthu zomwe zimaphatikizapo deta ndi njira.
2. Kodi nkhani ya zomwe zapezekazo ndi yomveka bwino?
Kodi chinapezeka kuti, mu gawo liti, ndi zikalata zofukulidwa ziti?
3. Kodi pali tsiku lotsimikizika?
Ndi njira ziti zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kodi zikugwirizana ndi umboni wina?
4. Kodi zomwe akunenazi zimafuna "kudumphadumpha" kwakukulu?
Zonena zodabwitsa zimafuna umboni wodabwitsa, osati kudabwa kokha.
5. Kodi nkhaniyi imanyalanyaza mafotokozedwe osavuta?
“Zinsinsi” zambiri zimakhala ndi mafotokozedwe omveka bwino aukadaulo, chikhalidwe, kapena chikhalidwe.
Kutseka
Zakale zakale ndi njira yodziwira kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu ndi luso lawo kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Chifukwa chakuti zakale zimakopa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri "zimabedwa" ndi malingaliro achinyengo omwe amapereka mayankho mwachangu komanso modabwitsa. Vuto ndi kusiyanitsa chidwi chabwino ndi nkhani zomwe zimapezerapo mwayi wodziwa zambiri komanso kusadziwa zambiri.
Tikamvetsetsa momwe zinthu zakale zimagwirira ntchito—kufunika kwa nkhani, umboni wosiyanasiyana, ndi kudzikonza kwasayansi—sititaya zodabwitsa zakale. M'malo mwake, timapeza chidwi champhamvu: kuti anthu, omwe ali ndi ukadaulo wooneka ngati wosavuta, adatha kupanga, kusintha, kulingalira, ndikusiya zizindikiro zomwe tingathe kuziwerengabe mpaka pano.
