Kusanthula kwa Zachilengedwe mu Archaeology
Mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale, khama lomvetsetsa moyo wakale wa anthu silidalira kokha pakupeza zinthu zongopangidwa monga zida zamwala, miphika, kapena nyumba. Gulu lina lofunika kwambiri la deta ndi zotsalira zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka m'mabungwe ofukula zakale zomwe zingathandize kuwunikira ubale wa anthu ndi chilengedwe chawo. Deta iyi imadziwika kuti ecofacts. Kusanthula za ecofacts kumathandiza akatswiri ofukula zakale kukonzanso zakudya, njira zopezera zofunika pa moyo, kusintha kwa nyengo, kasamalidwe ka chuma, komanso momwe zinthu zilili. Kudzera mu kafukufuku wa ecofacts, zakale zimawululidwa osati kokha mu zomwe anthu adapanga, komanso mu zomwe adadya, adakweza, adabzala, adawotcha, adataya, ndikukumana nazo m'malo awo atsiku ndi tsiku.
Kumvetsetsa Zachilengedwe ndi Kusiyana Kwake ndi Zinthu Zakale
Kawirikawiri, zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zotsalira za zamoyo kapena zinthu zachilengedwe (monga mafupa a nyama, mbewu, mungu, makala, zipolopolo za nkhono, zinyalala zina) zomwe zimapezeka m'malo ofukula zinthu zakale, ndipo zimagwirizana ndi kutanthauzira kwa zochita za anthu. Zinthu zachilengedwe zimasiyana ndi zinthu zakale chifukwa zinthu zakale ndi zinthu zopangidwa kapena kusinthidwa bwino ndi anthu. Mafupa a nyama omwe amasonyeza zizindikiro za nyama akhoza kugwa pamalo otuwa: fupa lokha ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi nyama, koma zizindikiro za nyama zimapereka chizindikiro chachindunji cha kulowererapo kwa anthu. Ngakhale zinthu (monga mabowo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, malo oyaka moto, ngalande) ndi zinthu zomwe sizingachotsedwe popanda kuzisintha, zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kuchotsedwa ndikuwunikidwa mu labotale.
Kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika chifukwa kumakhudza njira zopezera zitsanzo, njira zosungira, ndi njira zowunikira. Zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofooka, zosavuta kuziipitsa, komanso zimadalira kwambiri momwe zimasungidwira. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakono nthawi zambiri amakonza njira zofukula ndi kupeza zitsanzo pasadakhale kuti atsimikizire kuti deta ya zinthu zachilengedwe siitayika.
Mitundu Yodziwika ya Zachilengedwe Yosanthulidwa
Zachilengedwe zimaphimba magulu osiyanasiyana, omwe amapereka chidziwitso chapadera:
1. Zotsalira za zinyama (mafupa, mano, nyanga, mamba a nsomba)
Deta ya zinyama imathandiza kuulula mitundu ya nyama zomwe zimasakidwa kapena kusungidwa, njira zophera nyama, zomwe amakonda kudya, komanso nyengo yomwe zinthu zimagwira ntchito. Kusanthula kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa zooarchaeology.
2. Zotsalira za zomera (mbewu, zipatso, matabwa, ulusi wa zomera, zomera za phytoliths)
Zotsalira za zomera zimatha kusonyeza ulimi, kukonza chakudya, kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni, komanso ngakhale zomera zamankhwala. Gawo la kafukufukuyu likuphatikizapo archaeobotany.
3. Mungu ndi spores
Utoto wa mungu ndi wothandiza kwambiri pokonzanso zomera zakale ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Kusanthula utoto wa mungu ndi gawo la maphunziro a palynology.
4. Zotsalira za makala ndi zoyaka
Makala angagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa mtundu wa nkhuni, kuphika kapena ntchito zopangira (monga kuwotcha mbiya), ndipo ndi ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga nthawi ya radiocarbon.
5. Zipolopolo za nkhono ndi zinyama zazing'ono
Zipolopolo zimatha kuwonetsa njira zopezera zinthu m'mphepete mwa nyanja, malo okhala m'madzi, komanso momwe amadyera mapuloteni. Zinyama zazing'ono (monga mbewa kapena nkhono zazing'ono) nthawi zina zimatha kukhala zizindikiro za kusintha kwa malo okhala.
6. Dothi lotayirira, nthaka, ndi zotsalira za organic
Ngakhale kuti zingawoneke ngati "zachilendo," zinyalala ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe. Kudzera mu kusanthula kwa mankhwala ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu, zinyalala zimatha kuwonetsa zochitika zapakhomo, malo osungira ziweto, malo otayira zinyalala, komanso kusefukira kwa madzi kapena moto.
Cholinga cha Kusanthula kwa Zachilengedwe: Kodi Akatswiri Ofukula Zinthu Zakale Akufuna Kudziwa Chiyani?
Kusanthula kwa Ecofact kumayang'ana kwambiri mafunso akuluakulu okhudza moyo wakale wa munthu, kuphatikizapo:
– Zakudya ndi kadyedwe kake: Kodi zakudya zofunika kwambiri ndi ziti? Kodi nyama, nsomba, kapena zomera zomwe zimalimidwa n’zofunika bwanji?
– Kudzisamalira ndi chuma: Kusaka ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu, ulimi, kuweta ziweto, kapena kuphatikiza? Kodi kupanga chakudya n’kovuta bwanji?
- Kusinthasintha kwa nyengo ndi kuyenda: Kodi malowa anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamuyaya kapena kwa nyengo? Ndi umboni wotani womwe umatsimikizira izi?
– Malo ndi nyengo ya m'deralo: Ndi zomera ziti zomwe zimakula kwambiri? Kodi pali kuuma, kuzizira, kapena kusintha kwa nthaka?
- Kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe: Kodi pali kudula mitengo, kuthirira, kugawa malo obiriwira, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso zinthu?
- Mwambo ndi chizindikiro: Zinthu zina zachilengedwe (monga nyama zina) zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi miyambo kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, zinthu zachilengedwe zimapereka njira yowerengera "zotsatira zosalunjika" za zochita za anthu zomwe sizimawonekera nthawi zonse m'zinthu zakale.
Kusankha Zitsanzo ndi Njira Zolembera
Ubwino wa kusanthula kwa chilengedwe umatsimikiziridwa panthawi yofukula. Njira zina zofunika ndi izi:
– Kuyandama: Njira yolekanitsira zotsalira za zomera zazing'ono (mbewu, makala abwino) kuchokera ku nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kuti zinthu zachilengedwe ziyandame. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa archaeobotany.
– Kusefa: Kusefa nthaka yokhala ndi ukonde winawake kuti igwire mafupa ang'onoang'ono, mbewu, kapena zidutswa za chipolopolo.
– Kusankha zinthu motsatira malamulo: Kusankha zinthu mwadongosolo pa dothi lililonse (stratigraphy), bokosi lofukula, kapena chinthu china chake.
– Kupewa kuipitsidwa: Magolovesi, zotengera zoyera, ndi zilembo zomveka bwino ndizofunikira makamaka pakuwunika kwa biomolecular (DNA yakale, mapuloteni) ndi zotsalira za organic.
Kulemba nkhani (malo, kuya, kugwirizana ndi zinthu/zinthu zakale) ndikofunikira kwambiri. Zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda nkhani nthawi zambiri zimataya tanthauzo lake chifukwa sizingalumikizidwe ndi zochitika kapena zochita zinazake.
Njira Zowunikira Zachipatala
Mu labotale, zinthu zachilengedwe zimasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira kapangidwe kake mpaka chemistry:
1. Kuzindikira kwa taxonomic
Mafupa amadziwika malinga ndi mtundu wa nyama kapena mtundu wa nyama nthawi iliyonse ikatheka, pogwiritsa ntchito zosonkhanitsira zofanana. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pa mbewu, matabwa, kapena zipolopolo.
2. Kusanthula kwa ma taphonomiki
Taphonomy imafufuza njira zomwe zimakhudza zotsalira za zamoyo kuyambira nthawi yomwe zimafa mpaka zitapezeka: mabala odulidwa, kupsa, kulumidwa ndi nyama yolusa, kuwonongeka kwa nyengo, kapena kuwola. Taphonomy imathandiza kusiyanitsa zochita za anthu ndi zochitika zachilengedwe.
3. Kusanthula kuchuluka
Mwachitsanzo, mu zooarchaeology, miyeso monga NISP (Chiwerengero cha Zitsanzo Zodziwika) kapena MNI (Chiwerengero Chocheperako cha Anthu) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kapangidwe ka zinyama. Mu archaeobotany, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zomera kapena kuchuluka kwa mbewu pa voliyumu iliyonse ya dothi kumawerengedwa.
4. Kusanthula kwa isotope yokhazikika
Ma isotopu a kaboni ndi nayitrogeni m'mafupa angapereke zizindikiro za zakudya (monga kulamulira kwa magwero a m'nyanja poyerekeza ndi a padziko lapansi, kapena zomera za C3 poyerekeza ndi C4). Ma isotopu a okosijeni akhoza kukhala okhudzana ndi madzi ndi nyengo.
5. Kusanthula kwa zotsalira ndi mamolekyulu amoyo
Mafuta otsala pa mbiya (omwe amagwirizana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga zizindikiro za kugwiritsidwa ntchito), DNA yakale, kapena mapuloteni amatha kuzindikira mitundu ndi njira zopangira chakudya zomwe sizikuwoneka bwino.
6. Chibwenzi
Makala, mafupa, kapena zotsalira zina zamoyo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza za radiocarbon, bola ngati zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zosungira ndipo sizikuipitsidwa.
Kusunga Zachilengedwe ndi Tsankho la Deta
Si zinthu zonse zachilengedwe zomwe zili ndi mwayi wofanana wosungidwa. Malo okhala ndi asidi amatha kusungunula mafupa ndi zipolopolo, pomwe malo ouma kapena opanda mpweya (monga madambo) amatha kusunga zinthu zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, deta ya zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi tsankho pa kusunga. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ayenera kutanthauzira zotsatira mosamala: kusakhalapo kwa mafupa a nsomba, mwachitsanzo, sikutanthauza kuti anthu ammudzi sanadye nsomba—mafupawo akhoza kungosungidwa bwino kapena kusatengedwa bwino.
Tsankho lingabwerenso chifukwa cha njira zofukula zosakhwima kwambiri, kukula kwakukulu kwa sefa, kapena kusasankha kosagwirizana. Chifukwa chake, miyezo ya njira ndi malipoti ndizofunikira kwambiri poyerekeza zotsatira za kafukufuku m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Mphatso ya Ecofacts pa Kukonzanso Moyo Wakale
Kusanthula za chilengedwe kumalola kuti pakhale "zamoyo" zambiri komanso zomangidwanso mokwanira. Kuchokera ku zotsalira za zomera, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatha kutsatira kusaka nyama, mitundu ya mbewu, ndi machitidwe aulimi. Kuchokera ku zinyama, amatha kuzindikira kusintha kuchokera ku kusaka kupita ku ulimi wa ziweto, kapena kusintha kwa kudya chifukwa cha malonda ndi udindo wa anthu. Mungu ndi matope zimasonyeza kusintha kwa malo: kudula nkhalango, kukulitsa nthaka, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zachilengedwe zimagwirizanitsa zinthu zakale ndi nkhani zamakono monga chitetezo cha chakudya, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kasamalidwe ka zinthu. Zochitika zakale zachilengedwe zingapereke maphunziro okhudza kukhazikika: pamene anthu amasintha bwino, komanso pamene mavuto a chilengedwe amayambitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Kutseka
Zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri m'mbiri ya zinthu zakale, zomwe zimasonyeza ubale wapakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe. Kudzera mu njira zoyesera mosamala, kusanthula molondola kwa labotale, ndi kutanthauzira komwe kumakhudza kusamala kwa kusunga, zinthu zachilengedwe zimatha kuwulula njira zakudya, malo, ukadaulo wopezera zofunika pa moyo, komanso kayendetsedwe ka zachuma komwe sikungowonekera mosavuta kuchokera ku zinthu zakale zokha. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula zinthu zachilengedwe sikuti ndi chowonjezera chabe koma maziko ofunikira kuti timvetsetse bwino zakale—zakale monga momwe moyo unkachitikira pakati pa kusintha kwa malo, nyengo, ndi zinthu zina.
