Malingaliro Otchuka a Chikhalidwe mu Anthropology
Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro amakono a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Poyimira zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza komanso zimakhudzidwa ndi anthu ambiri, chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chimaphatikizapo mitu yambiri, kuphatikizapo nyimbo, mafilimu, mafashoni, masewera apakanema, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ndi zina zambiri. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mfundo zazikuluzikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsetsa ndikuwunika zochitika za chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino.
1. Chiphunzitso cha Ulamuliro ndi Chikhalidwe Chotchuka
Limodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu pakumvetsetsa chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino ndi chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro chomwe chinayambitsidwa ndi Antonio Gramsci. Malinga ndi Gramsci, ulamuliro ndi njira yomwe gulu limodzi la anthu limalamulira magulu ena, osati kokha mwa mphamvu komanso kudzera mu mgwirizano ndi mphamvu za malingaliro. Ponena za chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro chimafotokoza momwe chikhalidwe cholamulira chimasungira mphamvu zake mwa kulamulira kupanga ndi kufalitsa chikhalidwe.
Chikhalidwe chodziwika nthawi zambiri chimalamulidwa ndi magulu apamwamba omwe ali ndi mphamvu zofotokozera miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi olondola. Mwachitsanzo, makampani akuluakulu osangalatsa monga Hollywood ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi "zotchuka" padziko lonse lapansi. Zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi magulu apamwambawa sizimangosangalatsa komanso zimafalitsa makhalidwe ndi malingaliro ena omwe amagwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda.
2. Chiphunzitso cha Marxian ndi Chikhalidwe cha Ogula
Karl Marx ananena kuti anthu amapangidwa ndi kapangidwe ka chuma chawo, ndipo kuti mapangidwe a mfundo zazikulu, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe, ndi chithunzi cha zomangamanga zachuma zimenezo. Ponena za chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, chiphunzitso cha Marxian chimapereka chidziwitso cha momwe capitalism imakhudzira kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe.
M'madera a anthu okonda chuma, chikhalidwe chodziwika nthawi zambiri chimagulitsidwa, komwe zinthu zachikhalidwe zimasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zogulitsidwa. Nyimbo, mafilimu, mafashoni, komanso zikhalidwe zimayikidwa ndikugulitsidwa kwa ogula. Njira yogulitsayi nthawi zambiri imagogomezera phindu losinthana kuposa phindu logwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimakhudza momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe amaonera chikhalidwe chodziwika.
Akatswiri a chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu a Marxian afufuzanso ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi gulu la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Pierre Bourdieu, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, adapanga malingaliro a 'habitus' ndi 'cultural capital' kuti afotokoze momwe gulu la anthu limakhudzira kukoma kwa munthu komanso machitidwe ake achikhalidwe. Bourdieu adati zomwe amakonda pachikhalidwe si zachibadwa, koma zimakhudzidwa ndi malo omwe munthu amakhala komanso chuma chake.
3. Chiphunzitso cha Postmodernism ndi Kugawikana kwa Chikhalidwe
Chiphunzitso cha Postmodernist chimapereka lingaliro losiyana pa chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino pogogomezera kuchuluka, kugawikana, ndi kuwononga nkhani zazikulu. Postmodernism imakana lingaliro lakuti nkhani imodzi yokha ingafotokoze zonse zomwe anthu akumana nazo. Ponena za chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe "chowonadi" kapena "chizolowezi" chimodzi chomwe chingatanthauze chikhalidwe chokha.
Postmodernism imagogomezeranso kufunika kwa kuyerekezera ndi zenizeni, malingaliro omwe adayambitsidwa ndi Jean Baudrillard. Baudrillard adati m'chikhalidwe cha postmodern, ziwonetsero ndi zizindikiro nthawi zambiri zimakhala 'zenizeni' kuposa zenizeni zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, chikhalidwe cha anthu otchuka m'chikhalidwe chamakono nthawi zambiri chimadalira kwambiri zithunzi ndi ziwonetsero za atolankhani osati miyoyo yeniyeni ya anthu.
Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino pankhani ya postmodernism chimakonda kukhala chachisankho komanso chosakanizidwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zochokera ku chikhalidwe ndi mbiri zosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'njira zatsopano komanso zodabwitsa. Izi zitha kuwoneka mu mafashoni, nyimbo, ndi njira zofalitsira nkhani, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabwereka zinthu kuchokera ku zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndikuziphatikiza kukhala chinthu chatsopano komanso chapadera.
4. Chiphunzitso cha Ufulu Wachikazi ndi Chikhalidwe Chotchuka
Chiphunzitso cha akazi mu chikhalidwe cha anthu chikuwonetsa momwe ubale wa amuna ndi akazi ndi amuna umayimiriridwira ndikusungidwa mu chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Chikhalidwe chodziwika nthawi zambiri chimakhala malo omenyera nkhondo pomwe malingaliro okhudza amuna ndi akazi ndi kugonana amapangidwa, amakambidwa, komanso amatsutsidwa.
Anthu okonda ufulu wa akazi monga Simone de Beauvoir, komanso akatswiri amakono a zaumulungu monga Judith Butler, afufuza momwe malingaliro oipa okhudza amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwira kudzera m'manyuzipepala otchuka. Mafilimu, wailesi yakanema, malonda, ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti nthawi zambiri amapititsa patsogolo zithunzi zachikhalidwe za umuna ndi ukazi zomwe zimalepheretsa maudindo omwe amuna ndi akazi angachite.
Komabe, chiphunzitso cha akazi chimasonyezanso kuthekera kwa chikhalidwe chodziwika ngati chida chotsutsa ndi kupatsa mphamvu. Zikhalidwe zambiri ndi mayendedwe mkati mwa chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino zimatsutsa miyambo ya amuna ndi akazi ndipo zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu komanso kophatikiza amuna ndi akazi. Nyimbo za punk, kayendetsedwe ka thupi labwino, komanso kuyimira amuna ndi akazi m'manyuzipepala ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe za momwe chikhalidwe chodziwika chingakhalire njira yosinthira chikhalidwe cha anthu.
5. Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizana kwa Dziko Lonse ndi Chikhalidwe Chosakanikirana
Kugwirizana kwa dziko lonse lapansi ndi njira yolumikizirana kwachuma, ndale, ndi chikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi. Ponena za chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, kuyanjana kwa dziko lonse lapansi kwapanga chikhalidwe chosakanikirana kwambiri, momwe zinthu zochokera m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimagwirira ntchito limodzi ndikukhudza wina ndi mnzake.
Chiphunzitso cha kufalikira kwa dziko lonse mu chikhalidwe cha anthu chikuwonetsa momwe kusinthana kwa chikhalidwe chodutsa malire nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosagwirizana, ndi chikhalidwe cholamulira cha mayiko otukuka, monga United States, chomwe chimakonda kulamulira ndikusintha zikhalidwe zakomweko m'maiko osatukuka. Izi nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ngati njira yatsopano ya ukoloni wachikhalidwe kapena ulamuliro wachikhalidwe.
Komabe, kudalirana kwa mayiko kumabweretsanso mwayi wopanga zinthu zovuta komanso zosakanikirana zachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, nyimbo za K-pop, zomwe zimaphatikiza zinthu za nyimbo zakumadzulo ndi miyambo ya nyimbo zaku Korea, zakhala zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe chikhalidwe chodziwika chingasinthire ndikusintha padziko lonse lapansi. Chitsanzo china ndi mafilimu a Bollywood, omwe amaphatikiza zinthu za ku Hollywood pomwe akusunga chikhalidwe chosiyana .
Pomaliza, ziphunzitso zazikulu mu anthropology monga ulamuliro, chiphunzitso cha Marxian, postmodernism, feminism, ndi globalization zimapereka njira zosiyanasiyana komanso zolemera zomvetsetsera chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Chiphunzitso chilichonse chimapereka chidziwitso chapadera cha momwe chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chimapangidwira, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kukhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, ndale, ndi mbiri yakale. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira chikhalidwe chodziwika sikuti kumangopereka kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku komanso kumabweretsa kusanthula kozama kwa kapangidwe ka mphamvu ndi njira zosinthira chikhalidwe cha anthu.
