Anthropology Yovuta ndi Kusanthula Mphamvu
Anthropology monga gawo la maphunziro kwa nthawi yayitali yakhala ikuthandizira kumvetsetsa zovuta za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kuyambira kuphunzira madera akutali komanso owoneka ngati achilendo mpaka kufufuza momwe anthu amakhalira m'malo odziwika bwino, anthropology imapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa anthu. Gawo limodzi lomwe lakhala likufunidwa kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi anthropology yofunika kwambiri. Njira iyi, yomwe ikugogomezera kufunika kwa kusanthula mphamvu pakumvetsetsa momwe anthu amakhalira komanso chikhalidwe chawo, ikufuna kuvumbulutsa magawo obisika a mphamvu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikumana ndi zovuta tsiku ndi tsiku.
Mbiri ndi Chiphunzitso cha Anthropology Yovuta
Anthropology yowunikira idawonekera ngati yankho ku zizolowezi za positivist ndi functionalist mu anthropology yakale, yomwe inkafuna kuwonetsa anthu ngati machitidwe ogwirizana okhala ndi maudindo omveka bwino komanso okonzedwa bwino. Motsogozedwa ndi chiphunzitso cha Frankfurt chowunikira, post-structuralism, ndi Marxism, anthropology yowunikira imayang'ana kwambiri mphamvu za kapangidwe ka zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa moyo wa anthu. Akatswiri a anthropology owunikira akuwonetsa njira zomwe mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito m'magulu a anthu zomwe zimawoneka zachilengedwe kapena zosawoneka m'mafukufuku achikhalidwe.
Mphamvu: Tanthauzo
Mphamvu nthawi zambiri imaganiziridwa ngati mphamvu yeniyeni kapena ulamuliro womwe gulu lina limagwiritsa ntchito kuposa lina. Komabe, katswiri wafilosofi Michel Foucault amapereka lingaliro lovuta kwambiri. Kwa Foucault, mphamvu sizikhala m'manja mwa omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wokha, komanso zimagawidwa m'malo onse ochezera. Mphamvu imapezeka m'maubwenzi, m'nkhani, komanso m'mabungwe omwe amalamulira moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Kusanthula kwa Mphamvu mu Anthropology
Njira yowunikira mphamvu ya anthu pofufuza mphamvu imakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mphamvu ya malingaliro ndi zachuma mpaka mphamvu m'zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Nazi njira zina zomwe kafukufuku wowunikira mphamvu amafufuzira mphamvu m'zochitika zosiyanasiyana.
Mphamvu Zamaganizo
Mphamvu ya malingaliro imatanthauza mphamvu yokhudza momwe anthu amaganizira ndi kumvetsetsa dziko lozungulira iwo. Maganizo amenewa nthawi zambiri amaonekera m'nkhani kapena nkhani zomwe zimalamulira anthu enaake. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro a dziko amatha kupanga umunthu wa munthu aliyense payekha komanso wa gulu lonse ndikukhudza mphamvu pakati pa magulu amitundu ndi andale.
Mphamvu Zachuma
Pankhani ya kufalikira kwa chuma padziko lonse lapansi, maphunziro a anthu ofufuza bwino amafufuza momwe ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi machitidwe a neoliberal zimapangira kusalingana kwa kapangidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wokhudza momwe ndalama zakunja zimakhudzira mayiko osatukuka akuwonetsa momwe makampani apadziko lonse lapansi angagwiritsire ntchito antchito am'deralo ndi zachilengedwe mothandizidwa ndi mfundo zabwino za boma.
Mphamvu ndi Mabungwe
Kusanthula mphamvu nthawi zambiri kumayang'ananso udindo wa mabungwe pakusunga momwe zinthu zilili. Mabungwe a maphunziro, azaumoyo, ndi azamalamulo si mabungwe osalowerera ndale; nthawi zambiri amabwerezanso ubale wa mphamvu womwe ulipo. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi momwe dongosolo la maphunziro lingabwererenso kusalingana kwa anthu mwa kulimbikitsa miyambo yayikulu ndikuchotsa anthu ochokera m'mabanja osowa.
Njira ndi Njira mu Anthropology Yovuta
Njira ya kafukufuku wofufuza za anthu ndi yochuluka komanso yosiyanasiyana, imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira kuti ipeze mphamvu zomwe zilipo kale. Akatswiri ofufuza za anthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ethnography, kuyankhulana mozama, kuyang'ana ophunzira, ndi kusanthula nkhani kuti afufuze momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito m'malo enaake.
Ethnography
Kujambula mitundu ya anthu, monga njira yayikulu mu maphunziro a anthu, kumapereka chidziwitso chakuya pa moyo wa anthu watsiku ndi tsiku. Kudzera mu maphunziro a anthu, akatswiri ofufuza za anthu amatha kuwona mwachindunji momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito m'mayanjano a tsiku ndi tsiku, kaya kuntchito, m'banja, kapena m'dera. Kujambula mitundu ya anthu kumathandizanso ofufuza kumvetsetsa njira zobisika zomwe ulamuliro ndi kukana zimachitikira.
Kusanthula Nkhani
Kusanthula nkhani ndi njira ina yofunika kwambiri mu kafukufuku wofufuza za anthu yomwe cholinga chake ndi kupeza momwe chilankhulo ndi kulankhulana zimathandizira pakupanga mphamvu. Mwa kusanthula zolemba, zokambirana, ndi njira zina zolankhulirana, akatswiri a za anthu amatha kuzindikira malingaliro omwe ali pansi pa machitidwe a anthu ndikuchotsa nkhani zazikulu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi zoona.
Maphunziro Akale
Njira yakale ndiyofunikanso mu kafukufuku wofufuza za anthu. Mwa kufufuza mbiri yakale ya ubale wamphamvu mkati mwa anthu, akatswiri a za anthu amatha kupeza chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha kusalingana kwa kapangidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, kuphunzira za ukoloni ndi momwe zimakhudzira anthu amakono kumathandiza kumvetsetsa momwe mbiri ya mphamvu ikupitilira kupanga machitidwe amakono a anthu.
Maphunziro a Nkhani mu Anthropology Yofunikira ndi Mphamvu
Maphunziro osiyanasiyana mu kafukufuku wofufuza za anthu akuwonetsa momwe mphamvu zingadziwikire ndikusanthula m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nazi zitsanzo zina:
Kuthandiza Midzi pa Chitukuko cha Zomangamanga
M'maiko ambiri omwe akutukuka kumene, chitukuko cha zomangamanga nthawi zambiri chimalimbikitsidwa ngati njira yotulukira mu umphawi. Komabe, kafukufuku wofufuza za anthu akuwonetsa kuti mapulojekiti otere nthawi zambiri amapindulitsa amalonda ndi anthu apamwamba am'deralo kuposa madera omwe amakhudza. Mwachitsanzo, kumanga madamu akuluakulu kumatha kuthamangitsa anthu masauzande ambiri popanda malipiro okwanira, zomwe zimawonjezera kusalingana pakati pa anthu ndikulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa zachuma ndi ndale.
Mphamvu ndi Mphamvu za Amuna ndi Akazi
Kafukufuku wofufuza za chikhalidwe cha anthu akuwonetsanso momwe ubale wa mphamvu umapangidwira kudzera mu kayendetsedwe ka amuna ndi akazi. M'zikhalidwe zambiri, miyambo ya amuna ndi akazi yozikidwa pa ulamuliro wa amuna ndi akazi ingapangitse ndikulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa amuna pa akazi. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu m'magulu a amuna ndi akazi, amavumbula momwe mphamvu ya amuna ndi akazi imaonekera m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo, kuyambira ntchito zapakhomo mpaka kutenga nawo mbali pa ndale.
Kusamuka ndi Mphamvu
Kafukufuku wofufuza za anthu nthawi zambiri amawonetsa mavuto omwe anthu osamukira kumayiko ena akukumana nawo pankhani ya kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi. Anthu osamukira kumayiko ena nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi ntchito, tsankho, ndi chiwawa zomwe zimasonyeza ubale wamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wokhudza anthu osamukira kumayiko ena osakhazikika akusonyeza momwe mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zochepa pantchito zawo pamene akuwaletsa ufulu wawo wofunikira.
Mapeto
Kufufuza za anthu ofunikira kwambiri kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri povumbulutsa ndi kusanthula ubale wamphamvu womwe umapanga dziko la anthu. Mwa kuphatikiza chiphunzitso chowunikira, njira za anthu, ndi kusanthula nkhani, kusanthula kwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri kumapereka zida zamphamvu zomvetsetsa momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito m'malo osiyanasiyana achikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi ndale. M'dziko lamakono lomwe likuvuta komanso lapadziko lonse lapansi, njira yowunikirayi siyofunikira kokha komanso ndi yofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsa chilungamo cha anthu komanso kumvetsetsa bwino anthu.
Kudzera mu maphunziro osiyanasiyana a zochitika ndi njira zophunzirira, maphunziro a anthropology owunikira akuwonetsa kuti mphamvu siili yokhazikika kapena yokhazikika, koma imagwira ntchito ndipo imapezeka m'mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa munthu. Motero, maphunziro a anthropology owunikira amathandiza osati kokha pa chidziwitso cha sayansi komanso pakuyesetsa kupanga dziko lolungama komanso lolungama.
