Mkangano Pakati pa Chikhalidwe ndi Zamakono mu Anthropology
Pendauluan
Anthropology, monga kafukufuku wasayansi wa anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi chitukuko cha anthu, ikupitilizabe kulimbana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika pakati pa miyambo ndi zamakono. Mkanganowu sumangokhudza ubwino wa anthu ndi mafuko okha komanso umakhudza kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu pakusintha kwa chikhalidwe, umunthu, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe.
Tanthauzo la Miyambo ndi Zamakono
Tisanafufuze mozama, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa matanthauzo oyambira a mawu awiriwa. Miyambo nthawi zambiri imatanthauza miyambo yakale yomwe yakhala ikuperekedwa m'mibadwo yambiri mkati mwa anthu enaake. Izi zikuphatikizapo miyambo, zikhulupiriro, makhalidwe abwino, ndi miyambo yomwe yakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa umunthu wa gulu.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, nthawi zambiri zinthu zamakono zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwachangu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, ndi ukadaulo, kuyambira pa Chidziwitso mpaka nthawi ino ya kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zambiri zinthu zamakono zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mfundo monga kulingalira bwino, kudziyimira pawokha, ndi capitalism.
Kufunika kwa Chikhalidwe mu Anthropology
Miyambo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga kupitiriza kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kudziwika ndi chikhalidwe chawo . Kudzera mu miyambo, chilankhulo, zaluso, ndi zikhulupiriro, anthu amatha kusunga mizu yawo yachikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera achikhalidwe ku Indonesia, monga Toraja, mwambo wamaliro wachikhalidwe "Rambu Solo" si mwambo wokhawo komanso chizindikiro cha kudziwika kwawo ndi chikhalidwe chawo .
Komabe, miyambo ingakhalenso chida chosungira zinthu monga momwe zilili komanso maudindo okhwima a anthu. Katswiri wa za anthu Edward Evans-Pritchard adawonetsa mu kafukufuku wake kuti miyambo ingalimbikitse mphamvu zosalingana m'gulu la Azande ku Sudan. Chifukwa chake, miyambo nthawi zambiri imakhala nkhani yofunika kuphunziridwa mozama mu maphunziro a anthu.
Zamakono ndi Kusintha kwa Anthu
Zamakono zimabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu, zabwino komanso zoyipa. Kumbali yabwino, zamakono nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa moyo kudzera mu ukadaulo wazachipatala, maphunziro, ndi zomangamanga. Komabe, zamakono nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
Kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa zamakono, kwathandiza kufalitsa chidziwitso ndi ukadaulo komanso kwalimbikitsa kuyanjana kwa chikhalidwe. Mafuko ambiri achikhalidwe amamva kukakamizidwa kuti azolowere miyambo "yamakono", yomwe nthawi zambiri imasemphana ndi miyambo ndi machitidwe awo. Pachifukwa ichi, maphunziro a anthu amafuna zida zatsopano zowunikira komanso njira zomvetsetsa ndikuyankha kusinthaku.
Matenda a Zamakono
Masiku ano si nthawi zonse amabweretsa kupita patsogolo komwe kumayembekezeredwa. Kutsutsa nthawi zambiri kumachokera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimawonetsa mbali yake yoyipa. Mu maphunziro a anthu, kutsutsa kumeneku kungapezeke m'malingaliro monga omwe adaperekedwa ndi Pierre Bourdieu ndi Jürgen Habermas.
Bourdieu akuwonetsa momwe chuma cha chikhalidwe ndi chizindikiro nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanirana ndi mphamvu zachuma, motero kukulitsa kusalingana pakati pa anthu. Komabe, Habermas akufotokoza momveka bwino za lingaliro la 'kulamulira dziko la moyo,' momwe machitidwe azachuma ndi ndale zamakono nthawi zambiri amalamulira malo achikhalidwe, kufooketsa luso la anthu kusunga ndi kukulitsa zikhalidwe zawo.
Phunziro la Chitsanzo: Anthu Achikhalidwe ndi Zamakono ku Indonesia
Indonesia, yokhala ndi chikhalidwe chosiyanasiyana, imapereka zitsanzo zambiri zokhudzana ndi mkangano pakati pa miyambo ndi zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, anthu achikhalidwe cha Baduy ku West Java nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi vuto losunga miyambo yawo pakati pa kusintha kwamakono komwe kukufalikira m'dera lawo. Kukana kwawo ukadaulo wamakono monga magetsi ndi mayendedwe ndi kuyesa koonekeratu kuti asunge umunthu wawo ndi miyambo yawo.
Kumbali ina, anthu a ku Dayak ku Kalimantan aphatikiza bwino zinthu zina zamakono ndi miyambo yawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono waulimi komanso mgwirizano ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma kwawathandiza kukonza moyo wawo popanda kusiya chikhalidwe chawo.
Njira Yophunzirira Anthu Pothana ndi Mikangano
Anthropology iyenera kupitiriza kupanga njira zosinthasintha komanso zophatikizana kuti ithetse mkangano pakati pa miyambo ndi zamakono. Njira imodzi yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira ndi njira ya "glocal", yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri kuyanjana pakati pa machitidwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi zochitika zakomweko. Njira iyi sikuti imangothandiza kumvetsetsa momwe kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumayendera komanso imatsegula malo ofufuzira mayankho opindulitsa onse.
Kuphatikiza apo, njira zowerengera anthu zomwe zimaphatikizapo mgwirizano pakati pa ofufuza ndi madera am'deralo zitha kulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa momwe tingagwirizanitsire bwino miyambo ndi zamakono. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe ayenera kusunga makhalidwe abwino ofufuza, kulemekeza ufulu wa chikhalidwe, komanso kupewa tsankho lomwe lingawononge madera omwe akuphunziridwa.
Udindo wa Boma ndi Mabungwe Apadziko Lonse
Maboma ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi nawonso ali ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pothetsa mikangano iyi. Kudzera mu mfundo zomwe zimalemekeza kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndikuthandizira kupitiriza kwa miyambo, zotsatira zoyipa za masiku ano zitha kuchepetsedwa. Mapulogalamu ophunzitsa omwe amaphatikiza mfundo zakomweko ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi akhoza kukhala yankho limodzi lothandiza.
Mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga UNESCO achita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoteteza chikhalidwe chawo , koma mavuto akuluakulu adakalipo. Mgwirizano wapafupi pakati pa maboma am'deralo, madera, ndi mayiko ena ukufunika kuti pakhale mapulogalamu ogwira mtima komanso okhazikika.
Mapeto
Mkangano pakati pa miyambo ndi zamakono mu maphunziro a anthu ndi chinthu chovuta komanso chosiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa izi kumafuna njira yophatikizana yomwe imaphatikizapo kusanthula kozama za momwe zamakono zimakhudzira komanso kuyesetsa kusunga miyambo.
Kudzera mu kafukufuku wozama komanso wokwanira, maphunziro a anthropology angathandize kupanga kumvetsetsa ndi mayankho omwe amalemekeza ndikusunga kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe. Miyambo ndi zamakono zonse zili ndi mfundo ndi zovuta zawo. Vuto la maphunziro a anthropology ndikupeza mgwirizano womwe umalola zinthu ziwirizi kukhala pamodzi ndikulemeretsana.
Motero, maphunziro a anthu akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito ngati sayansi yomwe sikuti imangomvetsetsa anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo, komanso imadzipereka kusunga mgwirizano pakusintha komwe kukuchitika.
