Ubale Pakati pa Chipembedzo ndi Chikhalidwe Malinga ndi Anthropology
Kukambirana za ubale pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe nthawi zonse kwakhala nkhani yosangalatsa kwambiri mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anthropology, monga gawo lophunzirira anthu ndi madera awo kudzera mu malingaliro a chikhalidwe ndi zamoyo, imachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakumvetsetsa momwe zinthu ziwirizi zimagwirizanirana ndikukhudzirana. Chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati zinthu zosiyana, koma kwenikweni, zimagawana ubale wapafupi komanso wovuta.
Chipembedzo mu Malingaliro a Anthropology
Chipembedzo, kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi dongosolo lozama la zizindikiro lomwe limalumikiza zikhulupiriro, makhalidwe abwino, ndi machitidwe a anthu m'dera. Claude Lévi-Strauss, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku France, adanena kuti chipembedzo ndi zotsatira za kapangidwe kogwirizana ka maganizo a munthu ndi zikhulupiriro zoyambira.
Kumbali ina, Emile Durkheim, bambo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso munthu wofunika kwambiri mu maphunziro a anthu, ankaona chipembedzo ngati mtundu wa bungwe la anthu lomwe limapereka mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Malinga ndi iye, chipembedzo sichimangotanthauza kukhulupirira munthu wapamwamba, komanso chimasonyeza kufunika kwa anthu kusunga bata ndi makhalidwe abwino m'gulu.
Chikhalidwe Monga Mutu wa Chipembedzo
Chikhalidwe ndi chimango chachikulu chomwe chipembedzo chimagwira ntchito. Edward B. Tylor, yemwe anayambitsa maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu , anafotokoza chikhalidwe ngati "chonse chovuta chomwe chimaphatikizapo chidziwitso, chikhulupiriro, luso, makhalidwe abwino, malamulo, miyambo, ndi zina zilizonse zomwe munthu amapeza monga membala wa anthu."
Chipembedzo sichingalekanitsidwe ndi chikhalidwe chifukwa chipembedzo ndi chinthu cha chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, miyambo yachipembedzo, miyambo, ndi miyambo imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu enaake. Zikondwerero zachipembedzo, monga maukwati, maliro, ndi zikondwerero, zimaphatikizapo zinthu zachikhalidwe cha anthu am'deralo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zapadera komanso zosiyana ndi anthu ena.
Kugwirizana pakati pa Chipembedzo ndi Chikhalidwe
Ubale pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe ukhoza kumvedwa kudzera m'malingaliro angapo ofunikira mu anthropology:
1. Kusintha Chipembedzo Mwachikhalidwe: Zikhalidwe zambiri zimasintha miyambo yachipembedzo kuti igwirizane ndi malo awo, mbiri yawo, komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Mwachitsanzo, miyambo yachihindu ku Bali imasiyana ndi miyambo yachihindu ku India, ngakhale kuti zonse zili ndi zikhulupiriro zofanana. Kusintha kumeneku kukuwonetsa momwe chikhalidwe chimakhudzira momwe chipembedzo chimachitikira m'madera akumidzi.
2. Kupatsa Mphamvu ndi Kulamulira Anthu: Chipembedzo nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chosungira ulamuliro wa anthu ndikukhazikitsa malamulo andale ndi zachuma. Talcott Parsons ndi Robert Bellah, mu chiphunzitso chawo cha machitidwe a anthu, akugogomezera kuti chipembedzo chingakhudze chikhalidwe mwa kupanga chidziwitso champhamvu cha gulu komanso chokhazikika chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala okhazikika.
3. Kusintha kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Kusintha kwa Zipembedzo: Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe zimakhudzanso chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, njira zamakono ndi kusintha kwa dziko lonse lapansi zayambitsa kusintha kwa zipembedzo m'zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Kusintha kumeneku ndi yankho ku kufunika koti chipembedzo chikhale chofunikira pa kusintha kwachangu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chikugwirizana ndi mfundo zamakono.
4. Syncretism: Syncretism ndi njira yomwe zinthu zochokera m'zipembedzo ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimaphatikizidwira kukhala chipembedzo chatsopano kapena chikhalidwe. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi chipembedzo cha Candomblé ku Brazil, chomwe chimaphatikiza zinthu za zipembedzo zaku Africa, Chikatolika, ndi uzimu wa anthu aku Brazil. Syncretism iyi ikuwonetsa mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe m'malo osiyanasiyana a anthu.
Phunziro la Nkhani: Chipembedzo ndi Chikhalidwe ku Indonesia
Indonesia ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha mgwirizano pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe. Dzikoli lili ndi zilumba zoposa 18.000, ndi mafuko oposa 300, lililonse lili ndi chikhalidwe chake komanso miyambo yakeyake yachipembedzo. Chisilamu, chomwe ndi chipembedzo chachikulu ku Indonesia, chikuwonetsa momwe chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo cha m'deralo zingakhudzire ndikusinthasintha.
Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi mwambo wa Maulid Nabi, chikondwerero cha kubadwa kwa Mneneri Muhammad, chomwe chimasiyana ku Indonesia konse. Ku Java, mwambowu umaphatikizidwa ndi slametan (nsembe yopempherera), mwambo wachikhalidwe womwe umaphatikizapo mapemphero ndi mbale zinazake. M'madera ena, monga Sulawesi, chikondwererochi chingaphatikizepo kuvina ndi nyimbo zakomweko. Izi zikusonyeza momwe miyambo yachisilamu imagwirizanirana ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe yakomweko , ndikupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe achipembedzo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ku Bali, komwe anthu ambiri ndi Ahindu, titha kuwona momwe Chihindu chasinthira chikhalidwe cha ku Balinese. Mwambo wa Ngaben (kuwotcha mtembo) ku Bali ndi chitsanzo chimodzi pomwe chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe cha m'deralo zimasonkhana pamodzi pamwambo wodzaza ndi zizindikiro ndi miyambo ya m'deralo.
Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Kusinthika kwa Dziko Lonse
Kusintha kwa zinthu ndi kufalikira kwa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi kwabweretsa mavuto atsopano pa ubale pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe. Kusintha kwa zinthu nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zimakakamiza chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe kuti chizolowere makhalidwe ndi kapangidwe katsopano. Kusintha kwa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi, komwe kumaphatikizapo kufalitsa uthenga, katundu, ndi anthu momasuka, kumabweretsanso zinthu zatsopano zomwe zingakhudze miyambo yachipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu am'deralo.
Komabe, mavuto amenewa angaonekenso ngati mwayi wokambirana ndi kugwirizana pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, kudzera mu kukambirana pakati pa miyambo yosiyanasiyana yachipembedzo, tikhoza kuona kubuka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya machitidwe achipembedzo omwe ali ophatikizana komanso ogwirizana ndi zochitika zamakono.
Mapeto
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa anthu, ubale pakati pa chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe ndi mgwirizano wovuta, momwe chipembedzo sichimangokhala gawo la chikhalidwe komanso chimakhudza ndi kukhudza chikhalidwe chomwe chili mkati mwake. Chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe zimagwirira ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira kusintha ndi kusinthasintha mpaka kusintha kwamakono kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma.
Kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa anthropology, timaphunzira kuti kumvetsetsa maubwenzi amenewa n'kofunika kwambiri kuti tizindikire kusiyanasiyana kwa momwe anthu amalankhulira komanso kuti tipeze magulu ogwirizana komanso ololera. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka mu anthropology pankhani yolumikizana kumeneku angatithandize kumvetsetsa momwe anthu amapangira tanthauzo, umunthu, ndi mgwirizano mkati mwa njira zovuta za anthu.
