Anthropology ya Zamaganizo ndi Mphamvu ya Khalidwe la Anthu
Anthropology ndi psychology ndi maphunziro awiri omwe amathandiza kumvetsetsa anthu kuchokera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zinthu ziwirizi zikaphatikizidwa, gawo lotchedwa psychological anthropology limabadwa. Psychological anthropology ndi gawo laling'ono lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito njira kuchokera m'maphunziro onse awiri kuti lifufuze mozama momwe khalidwe la anthu limakhalira. Kudzera mu lens iyi, titha kumvetsetsa momwe chikhalidwe, malo, ndi zinthu zina zimagwirira ntchito ndi psychology ya munthu payekha kuti zipange zokumana nazo zapadera za anthu.
Anthropology ya Zamaganizo
Maphunziro a zamaganizo a anthu amayesa kuphatikiza njira zowerengera ndi zowerengera kuti amvetsetse bwino khalidwe la anthu. Maphunziro a zamaganizo, ndi njira zake zowerengera, amapereka chidziwitso pa chikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, miyambo, machitidwe, ndi kapangidwe ka anthu . Pakadali pano, maphunziro a zamaganizo, ndi njira zake zowerengera, amafufuza mozama mbali zamaganizo, zamaganizo, ndi zamaganizo za anthu.
Kuchokera apa, kupanga zinthu kungachitike komwe kumalola kumvetsetsa mozama komanso mokwanira momwe anthu amachitira ndi malo awo okhala, momwe amagwirira ntchito ndi dziko lozungulira iwo, komanso momwe chikhalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu zimathandizira pakupanga umunthu ndi khalidwe la munthu aliyense.
Chikhalidwe ndi Khalidwe
Chikhalidwe ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza khalidwe la anthu. Zikhalidwe, makhalidwe, miyambo, ndi miyambo ndi zotsatira za mbiri yakale ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe chomwe chadutsa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwomibadwo. Chikhalidwe chimagwira ntchito ngati mapu ndi kampasi yotsogolera anthu m'miyoyo yawo. Komabe, munthu aliyense ali ndi kutanthauzira kosiyana kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe, kutengera zomwe adakumana nazo, maphunziro, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza chitukuko cha munthu payekha.
Mwachitsanzo, m'zikhalidwe za anthu ogwirizana, monga zomwe zimapezeka ku Asia, mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa anthu zimayamikiridwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, anthu m'zikhalidwe izi amakonda kuyika patsogolo zofuna za magulu kuposa za munthu payekha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, m'zikhalidwe zaumwini, monga zomwe zimapezeka m'maiko ambiri akumadzulo, ufulu wa munthu payekha komanso kudziwonetsera yekha zimagogomezeredwa kwambiri. Njira yamaganizo ya anthu ingathandize kufotokoza momwe kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe kumeneku kumakhudzira momwe anthu amaganizira, amamvera, komanso amachitira zinthu.
Khalidwe ndi Kukula kwa Mwana
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimathandiza pa nkhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kumvetsetsa kwake za kukula kwa mwana. Kukula kwa mwana sikusiyana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe chomwe amakulira. Zinthu zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi magawo a kukula kwa mwana m'maganizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe malinga ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
Chitsanzo chosangalatsa ndi kafukufuku wa Margaret Mead wokhudza Samoa. M'buku lake lakuti "Coming of Age in Samoa," Mead adafufuza momwe njira ya unyamata imasiyanirana kwambiri pakati pa zikhalidwe za ku Samoa ndi za Kumadzulo. Adapeza kuti unyamata ku Samoa sunali wovuta komanso wodzaza ndi mikangano kuposa njira yofanana ku United States, yomwe panthawiyo inkaonedwa ngati nthawi yodzaza ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi umunthu. Zomwe zapezekazi zikuwonetsa momwe chikhalidwe chingakhudzire magawo akukula kwa ana ndi achinyamata.
Kudziwika ndi Kudziwika kwa Anthu
Kudziwika ndi gawo lina lofunika kwambiri pakuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kudziwika kwa munthu kumapangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe, banja, anthu ammudzi, ndi zokumana nazo payekha. Kudziwika sikungokhala kokhazikika; kumasintha ndipo kumatha kusintha pakapita nthawi komanso mikhalidwe.
Kafukufuku wa zamaganizo amatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe umunthu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (monga gulu la anthu, fuko, ndi jenda) zimagwirizanirana ndikukhudzirana. Mwachitsanzo, m'magulu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, anthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito umunthu wosakanikirana womwe umasonyeza mphamvu zochokera ku zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Izi zingakhudze momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito ndi dziko lozungulira iwo komanso momwe amamvera za malo awo m'malo ambiri ochezera.
Chitsanzo china chabwino chimachokera ku kafukufuku wokhudza kudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. M'zikhalidwe zina, kugonana kumaonedwa ngati chinthu chosiyana osati kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Izi zimayendetsedwa ndi miyambo ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana, zomwe zingakhudze kudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso khalidwe la amuna ndi akazi.
Kupsinjika Maganizo ndi Njira Zothanirana ndi Mavuto
Kupsinjika maganizo ndi njira zothanirana ndi mavuto ndizofunikira kwambiri mu maphunziro a zamaganizo. Chikhalidwe chilichonse chili ndi njira zakezake zothetsera mavuto kapena mavuto a moyo. M'zikhalidwe zina, miyambo ndi miyambo ya anthu ammudzi ingakhale njira yothandiza yothetsera mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, m'zikhalidwe zina, miyambo yoyeretsa kapena miyambo yachipembedzo ingapereke mpumulo wamaganizo womwe umathandiza anthu kuthana ndi mavuto.
Kumbali ina, m'madera amakono omwe ali ndi umunthu wodziyimira pawokha , njira zothanirana ndi mavuto zitha kukhala zaumwini, monga chithandizo chamaganizo kapena machitidwe osamala. Kumvetsetsa momwe chikhalidwe chimakhudzira njira zothanirana ndi mavuto kungapereke chidziwitso chofunikira kwa akatswiri a zamaganizo ndi akatswiri a anthu popanga njira zogwirira ntchito zogwira mtima komanso zoyenera chikhalidwe.
Maganizo ndi Kuzindikira kwa Zikhalidwe Zosiyanasiyana
Kuzindikira chikhalidwe cha anthu osiyanasiyana kumafufuza momwe njira zoganizira ndi kuthetsa mavuto zimasiyanirana m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Akatswiri a zamaganizo a chikhalidwe cha anthu osiyanasiyana apeza kuti momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso, kupanga zisankho, ndi kuthetsa mavuto nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe chawo.
Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu ochokera m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri amaganizira mavuto mozama komanso kuganizira za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pakadali pano, anthu ochokera m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana angayang'ane kwambiri mfundo zinazake ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira. Maphunziro amtunduwu amapereka chidziwitso chomwe chimatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe chikhalidwe chimapangira njira zathu zoganizira.
Matenda a Maganizo ndi Kusalana kwa Chikhalidwe
Maphunziro a zamaganizo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu nawonso ali ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakumvetsetsa za matenda amisala—mawu omwe amatanthauza kuphunzira za matenda amisala. Malingaliro a zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi “zabwinobwino” kapena “zachilendo” amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe, ndipo izi zimakhudza momwe matenda amisala amadziwikira, amamvetsetseka, komanso amachiritsidwira.
Matenda ena amisala angakhale ofala kwambiri kapena enieni kwa anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, anorexia nervosa nthawi zambiri imakhala yofala kwambiri m'zikhalidwe zakumadzulo, komwe miyezo yokongola imalimbikitsa kuonda. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, matenda ena, monga "koro"—mkhalidwe umene anthu amaopa kuti ziwalo zawo zoberekera zidzachepa ndi kuzimiririka m'thupi—ndi ofala kwambiri ku South ndi East Asia.
Kumvetsetsa kunyansidwa ndi chikhalidwe n'kofunika kwambiri, chifukwa kungakhale chopinga chachikulu pakufunafuna thandizo ndi chithandizo. M'zikhalidwe zina, matenda amisala angaonedwebe ngati chizindikiro cha kufooka kapena chifukwa cha mphamvu zauzimu, zomwe zingakhudze momwe anthu amafunira kapena kulandira chithandizo.
Mapeto
Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu kumavumbula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi khalidwe la anthu ndipo kumapereka kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa machitidwe amenewa. Mwa kuphatikiza njira ndi chidziwitso kuchokera ku maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zamaganizo, titha kupeza malingaliro omveka bwino a momwe anthu amaganizira, amamvera, komanso amachitira zinthu m'malo enaake achikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. Kuyambira umunthu wawo mpaka njira zothanirana ndi mavuto, kuyambira kuzindikira mpaka maphunziro a maganizo, maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu amapereka njira zapadera zomvetsetsera zovuta za khalidwe la anthu.
Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kuti ofufuza m'magawo onse awiri apitirize kugwirizana, kugawana nzeru, ndikupanga malingaliro omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandiza anthu ndi madera kukhala bwino m'dziko lomwe likukulirakulira komanso losiyanasiyana.
