Ngā Tirohanga Epistemological a Karl Popper
Nā Karl Popper, tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro pūtaiao whai mana nui o te rautau 20, i huri te ao o te epistemology me āna tautohetohe whakamīharo mō te mātauranga pūtaiao me tōna whanaketanga. Nā tana mahi i wero nui ngā ariā whānui o te pūtaiao empirical, ā, i tautuhi anō i te huarahi e mārama ai ngā tohunga me te whakatata atu ki te rangahau pūtaiao. Ehara i te mea he mātauranga noa iho ngā tirohanga epistemological a Popper engari he pānga nui ki te pūtaiao, ki te hapori, tae atu ki te whiwhinga mātauranga whaiaro.
Te Raru o te Whakaoho
Ko te wāhi i uru atu ai a Popper ki te mātauranga pūtaiao ko te raruraru o te whakaaweawe, he take rapunga whakaaro tawhito e pātai ana me pēhea e taea ai e tātou te whakamārama i te whakatau i ngā ture whānui mai i ngā kitenga motuhake. I ngā wā o mua, i whakaarohia e te whakaaro whakaaweawe ko te mātakitaki i ngā tauira maha o tētahi āhuatanga he pūtake pakari mō te whakawhanui i tētahi ture, i tētahi ture rānei. Heoi, i tautokona tēnei huarahi e te whakahē nui a David Hume, nāna i tautohe kāore he maha o ngā tauira i kitea e taea te whakamana i te tauira e whai ake nei.
Hei whakautu i tēnei, i whakakahoretia e Popper te whakapūtanga hei pūtake arorau mō te whakaaro pūtaiao. Engari, i whakaarohia e ia te whakapohehe hei paearu wehewehe i waenga i te pūtaiao me te kore-pūtaiao. E ai ki a Popper, kāore e taea te whakamātau i tētahi ariā pūtaiao engari ka taea anake te whakamātautau me te whakahē pea. Ko te tūnga pūtaiao o tētahi ariā e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna kaha ki te whakapohehehia e ngā raraunga wheako. He rerekē rawa tēnei tirohanga mai i ngā tikanga whakapūtanga, i rapu manatoko mā roto i ngā taunakitanga kua kohia.
Te tinihanga
Kei te ngākau o te anga matauranga a Popper te whakapohehe, he tikanga e kī ana ka ahu whakamua ngā ariā pūtaiao mā roto i ngā whakapae māia me ngā ngana kaha ki te whakahē i aua ariā. Me whakaputa e te ariā ngā matapae ka taea te whakamātautau, ā, ki te kore e angitu ēnei matapae, me maka atu, me whakahou rānei te ariā.
E hono hōhonu ana tēnei ariā ki te māramatanga o Popper mō te mātauranga tangata he mea hē, he mea whakapae noa iho. Engari i te kohikohi i ngā pono 'kua whakamātauhia', ka whakawhanakehia e ngā kaipūtaiao he mātauranga whakamātautau e tū ana ki te tirotiro me te whakamātautau tonu. Ko ngā ariā e ora ana i te whakapohehe ehara i te mea he pono kua manatokohia engari he mea whakarite noa iho, ā, ka taea tonu te whakahē i ngā mea kei te heke mai.
I whakamahia e Popper te tauira o te miihini matarohia hei whakamārama i tana kōrero. I tu tonu ngā ture nekehanga a Newton i te whakamātautau o te wā i te mea e rite ana ki ngā āhuatanga kua kitea. Heoi, i te mutunga ka whakahēngia e te ariā whanaungatanga a Einstein, i homai ai ngā whakamārama i ngā wāhi i kore ai e tutuki ngā ture a Newton. Ko tēnei panonitanga e whakaatu ana i te rapunga whakaaro a Popper: ka ahu whakamua te mātauranga pūtaiao ehara i te mea mā te manatoko i ngā whakapae engari mā te whakapohehe me te whakawhanake i ngā ariā tika ake.
Te Whakaaroaro Arohaehae
E pā ana ki te whakapohehe ko te ariā a Popper mō te whakaaroaro arorau, e aro nui ana ki te tirotiro arorau i ngā whakaaro me te rapu tonu i ngā otinga pai ake. E kī ana te whakaaroaro arorau ko te kōrero arorau me te tirotiro arorau ngā taputapu matua mō te whakatairanga i te mātauranga. Mā tēnei tirohanga, ka tuwhera ngā whakapae me ngā ariā katoa ki te tirotiro me te tautohetohe, ahakoa he whānui te whakaae, he roa rānei te wā e mau ana.
E kī ana a Popper me whakatairanga te hapori pūtaiao i tētahi taiao e pātaihia tonutia ai ngā whakaaro, e tautohetohetia ai hoki. Mā tēnei ahurea whakahē ka ārai i te whakapono pono, ā, ka noho ora, ka pakari tonu te tukanga pūtaiao. Mā te whakahē ka makahia ngā ariā ngoikore, ka puta mai ngā ariā kaha ake. Kāore tēnei tukanga e herea noa ki te pūtaiao engari ka horapa atu ki ngā whainga whānui o te matauranga, e whakatenatena ana i tētahi huarahi e whanake tonu ana ki te mātauranga tangata.
Te Hapori Tuwhera me te Mātauranga
I whakawhānui a Popper i ana tirohanga matauranga ki te ao o ngā whakaaro pāpori-tōrangapū, inā koa i roto i tana mahi nui, "The Open Society and Its Enemies." I konei, i whakapae ia ko te ahunga whakamua o te hapori e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna tuwhera ki ngā tautohetohe arohaehae me tōna kaha whakahaere ki te whakauru i ngā huringa.
I whakahē ia i ngā kāwanatanga me ngā ariā mana-kore mō ō rātou whakapono me te pehi i te whakahē, me te titiro he mea whakahē i te ahunga whakamua o te mātauranga. Ko te 'hapori tuwhera', e ai ki a Popper, ka poipoi i tētahi taiao e taea ai te whakapuaki me te tautohetohe noa i ngā whakaaro. Kāore tēnei tauira hapori e whai ana i tētahi āhua mātauranga tino pai kāore e taea te whakatutuki, engari e whakanui ana i te tipu haere me te urutau e puta mai ana i tētahi arotake tonu.
Te Taonga Tuku Iho me te Mana o Popper
He whānui te awe o ngā whakaaro o Popper puta noa i ngā momo marautanga me ngā ao whakaaro. I roto i te rapunga whakaaro o te pūtaiao, ko tana aro nui ki te tinihanga i huri i te huarahi e whakatata atu ai ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā tohunga whakaaro ki ngā ariā pūtaiao. I whakarato i tētahi whakautu pakari ki te raruraru o te whakaohooho, ā, i hangaia te rangahau pūtaiao hei tukanga pumau o te whakapae me te whakahē.
I roto i ngā pūtaiao pāpori me ngā mahi ā-tangata, ko te whakaaro whaitake me te tautoko a Popper mō te hapori tuwhera e pā ana ki ngā tautohetohe tonu mō te kōrero noa, te manapori, me te herekore hinengaro. E whakaatu ana āna mahi i te hiranga o tētahi taiao e taea ai te whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro noa me te arotake arohaehae.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka horapa ngā whakaaro o Popper ki te ao o te matauranga whaiaro, ka ārahi i te tangata kia mau tonu te arohaehae ki ō rātou ake whakapono, kia tuwhera hoki ki ngā mōhiotanga hou. I tautoko ia i te ngākau mahaki hinengaro, me te mōhio he mea noa iho ō tātou mōhiotanga, ā, ka taea te whakarerekē i runga i te māramatanga o ngā taunakitanga hou.
Nga whakahee me nga tautohetohe
Ahakoa tana takoha nui, kāore i kore ngā tirohanga a Popper i whakahēngia. Ko ētahi tohunga whakaaro, pērā i a Thomas Kuhn rāua ko Imre Lakatos, kua tautohe kāore te tauira a Popper e tino whakamārama ana i te mahi tūturu o te pūtaiao. Hei tauira, ko te ariā a Kuhn mō ngā panoni tauira, e kī ana ka ahu whakamua te pūtaiao i roto i ngā huringa hurihuri kāore i te ahu mai i te whakapohehe i ngā ariā anake.
I ngana a Lakatos ki te whakataurite i ētahi o ēnei whakahē mā te whakaaro i te tikanga o ngā kaupapa rangahau pūtaiao, e whakauru ana i te tinihanga me te nekehanga haere whakamua o te raruraru i roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā ariā e hono tahi ana.
Ahakoa ēnei arotake, he mana tonu ngā māramatanga matua a Popper. Ko tana karanga mō tētahi huarahi arohaehae me te huarahi tuwhera ki te mātauranga kei te whakahihiko tonu i ngā kaipūtaiao, ngā tohunga whakaaro, me ngā kaiwhakaaro puta noa i ngā momo mara.
Opaniraa
Kua tino hanga e ngā tirohanga matauranga a Karl Popper tō tātou māramatanga ki te mātauranga pūtaiao me tōna whanaketanga. Mā te wero i te raruraru o te whakaurunga me te tautoko i te āheinga tinihanga, i whakarato a Popper i tētahi anga pakari hei wehewehe i ngā ariā pūtaiao mai i ngā ariā kore-pūtaiao. Ko tana kaupapa mō te whakaaroaro arorau me tana tirohanga mō tētahi hapori tuwhera e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te tirotiro arorau me te tautohetohe tuwhera i roto i te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao me te hapori.
Ahakoa kua arotakehia, kua whakawhānuihia hoki ōna whakaaro, kei te mau tonu te mauri o te rapunga whakaaro a Popper, e whakanui ana i te āhua rangitahi o te mātauranga tangata me te rapu tonu mō te māramatanga pai ake mā te whai wāhi arohaehae me te whakamātautau ā-wheako. E whakamahara ana āna mahi ki a tātou ehara te mātauranga i te kohinga pono pumau engari he mara hihiri me te whanake e ārahihia ana e tō tātou kaha ki te whakaaro arohaehae me te uiui tuwhera.
