Āe, anei tētahi tuhinga 1000-kupu mō te Ariā a Aristotle mō ngā Take e Whā:
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Te Ariā a Aristotle mō ngā Take e Whā: Te Mārama ki ngā Poraka Hanga o te Oranga
Ko Aristotle tētahi o ngā tino tangata rongonui o te rapunga whakaaro Kariki onamata, ā, he nui āna takoha ki te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa, mai i ngā tikanga matatika me ngā mahi tōrangapū ki ngā matatika me te pūtaiao taiao. I roto i āna takoha rapunga whakaaro maha, ko tana Ariā o ngā Take e Whā te mea nui hei ariā matua mō te mārama ki te āhua o te oranga me te huringa. Ehara i te mea ko tēnei ariā anake e whakamārama ana i ngā rangahau rapunga whakaaro a Aristotle engari he tino awe anō hoki i ngā whakaaro o te Hauāuru i muri mai.
He Kupu Whakataki ki ngā Take e Whā
Ko ngā māramatanga a Aristotle ki te take ā-ira e whakarārangihia ana i roto i tāna i kī ai ko ngā Take e Whā. He rerekē ki ngā ariā o ēnei rā mō te take me te pānga, ka aro atu ngā take a Aristotle ki ngā āhuatanga me ngā mātāpono whakamārama mō te take o ngā mea pēnei. Ko ēnei Take e Whā:
1. Take Matua
2. Kaupapa Whaimana
3. Kaupapa Whai Hua
4. Take Whakamutunga
He mea nui ia o ēnei take ki te whakamārama i te oranga me ngā āhuatanga o tētahi mea.
Te Take Rauemi: Te Matū me te Pūmanawa
Ko te Take Rauemi e pā ana ki te matū, ki te matū rānei e hangaia ai tētahi mea. E aro ana ki te pātai: "He aha te mea e hangaia ai tēnei mea?" E pā ana tēnei take ki te pūmanawa kei roto i ngā rauemi, nā te mea kei a rātou te āheinga ki te huri hei mea motuhake.
Hei tauira, whakaarohia he whakapakoko māpere. Ko te Pūtake Rauemi o te whakapakoko ko te māpere tonu. Ko te māpere, hei matū, ka taea te hanga hei āhua whakapakoko. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te Pūtake Rauemi e pā ana ki te mōhio ki ngā poraka hanga taketake e hanga ana i tētahi mea tūturu.
Te Kaupapa Whaimana: Te Mauri me te Mahere
E pā ana te Take Whaitake ki te āhua, ki te mauri rānei o tētahi mea—ōna āhuatanga me tōna hanganga e tautuhi ana. Ka whakautua e tēnei take te pātai: "He aha te āhua, te āhua rānei o tēnei mea?" Ko te whakaritenga me te whakaritenga motuhake o te rauemi e tautuhi ana i te āhua o te mea.
Hei tauira anō mō te whakapakoko māpere, ko te Take Whaimana te hoahoa, te mahere rānei o te whakapakoko—te tirohanga toi me te hanganga e whakaarohia ana e te kaiwhakairo. Koinei te mahere ārahi e whakatau ana me pēhea te hanga i te māpere me ngā āhuatanga o te whakapakoko. Ko te Take Whaimana te kaupapa matua mō ngā āhuatanga tautuhi e hoatu ana ki tētahi mea tōna tuakiri.
Te Take Whai Hua: Ngā Āpiha o te Huringa
Ko te Take Whai Hua e tino hono ana ki te ariā hou o te takenga mai—e pā ana ki te kaiwhakahaere, ki te tukanga rānei e hanga ana i tētahi mea. E whakautu ana i te pātai: "Nā wai, nā te aha rānei i hanga tēnei mea?" E whakanui ana tēnei take i ngā āhuatanga hohe e whakaoho ana i te huringa o te pūmanawa ki te ao tūturu.
Mō te whakapakoko māpere, ko te Take Whai Hua te kaiwhakairo e whakairo ana, e hanga ana i te māpere. Kei roto i tēnei take te raupapa o ngā mahi a tētahi kaiwhakahaere e ārahi ana ki te hanganga, ki te whakarerekētanga rānei o tētahi mea. I roto i ngā horopaki uaua ake, ka taea te whakauru i ngā āhuatanga maha, ngā kaiwhakahaere, me ngā tukanga e uru ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te huringa.
Te Take Whakamutunga: Te Kaupapa me te Teleology
Ko te Take Whakamutunga, e mōhiotia ana ko te take teleological, e pupuri ana i te kaupapa, i te mutunga rānei o te oranga o tētahi mea. Ka arohia e tēnei take te pātai: "He aha i noho ai tēnei mea?" Koinei te take, te whāinga rānei matua e whakamārama ana i te oranga, i te putanga mai rānei o tētahi mea.
Mō te whakapakoko māpere, ko te Take Whakamutunga pea ko te ahuareka ataahua me te whakamoemiti e puta mai ana i ngā kaimātakitaki, he tohu rānei mō tētahi tangata hītori. Ko te tikanga, ko te Take Whakamutunga e pā ana ki te kaupapa, ki te mahi rānei e tika ana kia whakatutukihia e te mea. I kite a Aristotle i te ao he mea e aro ana ki ngā whāinga, me ngā mea katoa o te taiao e anga ana ki tētahi mutunga, ki tētahi kaupapa rānei, he tirohanga e mōhiotia ana ko te teleology.
Te Hononga o ngā Take
I whakanui a Aristotle, kia tino mārama ai ki tētahi mea, ki tētahi āhuatanga rānei, me whai whakaaro te tangata ki ngā take e whā me ō rātou hononga. Ko te Take Rauemi te pūmanawa, ko te Take Whaitake te hoahoa, ko te Take Whai Hua te tīmatanga o te hanganga, ā, ko te Take Whakamutunga te kaiwhakamana i te oranga.
Hei tauira, he tūru rakau. Ko te Take Rauemi ko te rakau, ko te Take Whaitake ko te hoahoa o te tūru, ko te Take Whai Hua ko te kāmura nāna i hanga, ā, ko te Take Whakamutunga ko tana mahi, hei whakarato i tētahi wāhi noho mō te tangata. Ka tautokohia e ia take tetahi tetahi, ka tukuna he whakamārama whānui.
Te Awe me te Tukunga iho
Ko te Ariā o ngā Take e Whā a Aristotle i noho hei pou tūāpapa, ehara i te mea i roto i te rapunga whakaaro anake, engari i roto hoki i ngā momo marautanga tae atu ki te pūtaiao, te karakia, me ngā tikanga matatika. Ko tana huarahi ki te mārama ki te oranga mā roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o te takenga mai i te ao tūroa i whakarato i tētahi anga whānui mō te tirotiro i ngā uauatanga o te ao tūroa.
I roto i ngā rapunga whakaaro mātauranga o ngā tau waenga, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi a Thomas Aquinas, i whakauruhia ngā Take e Whā ki roto i ngā whakaakoranga whakapono, inā koa i roto i ngā kōrero mō te oranga me te āhua o te Atua. I whakamahia e Aquinas ngā take hei tautoko i te oranga o tētahi kaiwhakaoho matua, he take kāore i ahu mai i tētahi take—ko te Atua te Take Whakamutunga o te ao.
I roto i ngā kōrero pūtaiao o ēnei rā, e hono tata ana te Kaupapa Whai Hua a Aristotle ki ngā ariā o nāianei mō te take me ngā tikanga whakarerekētanga. Heoi anō, e hono ana ngā Kaupapa Rauemi me ngā Kaupapa Whaitake ki ngā tātaritanga hanganga me te hanganga e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i te matū me te koiora, ko te Kaupapa Whakamutunga ia e kitea ana ngā haruru i roto i te tūhuratanga a te koiora whanaketanga i te mahi me te urutau.
Heoi, i te wā o te pūtaiao miihini me te mātakitaki ā-wheako, i aro nui te tirohanga ā-rorohiko ki te taha teleohiko o te Take Whakamutunga. I pātai ngā tohunga whakaaro pērā i a David Hume, ā, i muri mai ko Immanuel Kant, mō te whaihua o ngā take whakamutunga i roto i te tirohanga pūtaiao kāore he kaupapa tūturu. Ahakoa rā, kei te mau tonu te kōrero mō te teleohiko mō te hiahia o te tangata, ngā tikanga matatika, tae atu ki te mātauranga horihori.
Opaniraa
Mā te Ariā o ngā Take e Whā a Aristotle ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi maha ki te mārama ki te mauri, te takenga mai, me te kaupapa o ngā mea. Mā te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te takenga mai, i whakaratohia e Aristotle tētahi taputapu tātari whai rawa kua tu tonu i roto i te whakamātautau o te wā. Ahakoa i roto i ngā whakaaroaro tawhito, i ngā rangahau hou rānei, ka tukuna e ngā Take e Whā he tūāpapa pakari hei wetewete i ngā uauatanga o te oranga me te huringa.
I a tātou e huraina tonu ana ngā mea ngaro o te ao tūroa, ka whakamahara mai ngā māramatanga a Aristotle ki te takenga mai o te ao tūroa ki te rapunga pumau kia mārama ai, ehara i te mea ko te āhua o ngā mea anake, engari ko te take hoki o aua mea—he rapunga e kapi ana i te ao me te āhua, ngā kaiwhakahaere me ngā kaupapa, e rangona ana i roto i ngā tuhinga o ngā whakaaro tangata.
