Me pēhea te pānui i tētahi tūtohi moana mō ngā kaiwhakatere
Ko ngā tūtohi moana tētahi o ngā taputapu whakatere tino nui mō ngā kaiwhakatere. Mā te whakamahi tika i ēnei ka āwhina i te tiaki i tō kaipuke mai i te tūkino, ā, ka whakarite hoki i tētahi haerenga haumaru, whai hua hoki. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka hipokina e mātou te pānui taipitopito i tētahi tūtohi moana, mai i ngā kaupapa taketake ki ngā tikanga matatau ake. Me tīmata mā te mārama he aha ngā tūtohi moana me te take he mea nui.
He aha te tūtohi moana?
He whakaaturanga whakairoiro te tūtohi moana o ngā moana me ngā takutai moana, kei roto ko ngā mōhiohio nui pērā i te hohonutanga o te wai, ngā āhua o te papa moana, ngā tūranga o te pōito, ngā whare rama, ngā huarahi kaipuke kua tohua, me ngā tūponotanga kino ka tūtaki pea ki te moana pērā i ngā toka korara, ngā kaipuke pakaru, me ērā atu. Ko ngā tūtohi moana e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te āhua tūturu (pepa) matihiko rānei mā te pūnaha ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System).
He Hītori Poto o ngā Tūtohi Moana
I whakamahia tuatahitia ngā tūtohi moana e ngā tāngata o Phoenicia i ngā wā onamata, engari i tīmata te whanaketanga o ngā momo mapi hou ake i ngā rautau 13 me 14 e ngā kaiwhakatere Pākehā. Mai i taua wā, kua whanake tonu ngā tūtohi moana me ngā whanaketanga hangarau me ngā mātauranga whakatere.
Ngā Wāhanga o te Tūtohi Moana
Hei mārama ki tētahi tūtohi moana, me mōhio koe ki ngā momo āhuatanga o te mahere:
1. Taitara me te Tau o te Mahere
– He taitara tō ia tūtohi moana e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio taketake mō te rohe e hipokina ana, me te tau tūtohi hoki hei māmā ake te tautuhi.
2. Tauine Mahere
– Ko te tauine mahere e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tawhiti i runga i te mahere me te tawhiti tuturu i te moana. Hei tauira, ko te tauine 1:50.000 te tikanga he ōrite te 1 wae i runga i te mahere ki te 50.000 wae i te ao tūturu.
3. Rōhi Kāpehu
– Mā te kāpehu rōhi, mā te kāpehu hau rānei e tohu te raki tūturu, hei āwhina i te aronga. Kei ētahi mapi anō hoki ngā rerekētanga aukume ā-rohe.
4. Te Whānui me te Roa
– Mā te whānui me te roa ka taea te whakatau tika i te tūnga whenua.
5. Hōhonutanga (Ngā Oro)
– E whakaatu ana ngā tūtohi moana i ngā hohonutanga o te wai i roto i ngā mita, putu, me ngā whuth rānei. He mea nui ēnei mōhiohio hei karo i ngā toka, i ngā papa moana pāpaku rānei.
6. Ngā Tohu me ngā Whakarāpopototanga
– Kī tonu ngā tūtohi moana i ngā tohu me ngā whakarāpopototanga e tohu ana i ngā pōito, ngā whare rama, ngā momo takere moana, me ngā tūponotanga whakatere.
Ngā Hipanga ki te Pānui i tētahi Mahere Moana
1. Tāutuhia te Rohe
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te tautuhi i te rohe i runga i te mapi e hiahia ana koe ki te ako. Tirohia te taitara me ngā rohe o te rohe kia tika ai te mapi e tirohia ana e koe.
2. Kia Mōhio ki te Tauine Mahere
Kia mārama ki te tauine mapi kia mārama ai koe ki ngā ōwehenga o ngā tawhiti e whakamahia ana. He maha ngā wā ka whakaaturia tēnei tauine ki raro, ki te kokonga rānei o te mapi. Kia tino pānuihia, kia mārama hoki ki te kōrero whakamārama, e whakamārama ana i ngā tohu me ngā whakarāpopototanga e whakamahia ana.
3. Whakamahia te Rōhi o te Kāpehu
Whakamahia he kāpehu hei whakatau i te raki. Mā tēnei koe e āwhina ki te whakatau i te aronga me te ahunga o te kaipuke.
4. Whakatauhia te Tūnga Whenua
Whakamahia te whānui me te roa hei whakatau i tō tūranga whenua. Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te GPS hei tiki i ngā taunga tika me te whakataurite i aua taunga ki tētahi tūtohi moana.
5. Tirohia te Hōhonutanga
Tirohia ngā inenga hohonu o te rohe e whakaaro ana koe ki te whakatere. Ko te hohonu i raro i te mata o te wai ka tohua pinepinetia e ngā tau me ngā tohu rerekē te rahi e tohu ana i ngā waeine ine.
6. Te Tāutu Huarahi
Tāutuhia te ara ka haere koe. Rapua ngā wāhi whakatere nui pērā i ngā pōito, ngā whare rama, me ētahi atu tohu whenua ka taea te whakamahi hei tohutoro.
7. Kia tūpato ki te tūponotanga
Tirohia tonutia ngā tohu e tohu ana i ngā tūponotanga mōrearea o te whakatere pēnei i ngā toka, ngā pakaru, ngā au kaha rānei. He mea nui ēnei mōhiohio hei karo i ngā aituā.
Ngā Tikanga Matatau mō te Pānui i ngā Tūtohi Moana
1. Te Whakamahi i te Radar me te Sonar
Haunga ngā tūtohi moana, he taputapu hangarau teitei te radar me te sonar hei āwhina i ngā kaiwhakatere ki te whakatere. Ka taea e te radar te āwhina ki te tautuhi i ētahi atu kaipuke me ngā mea nunui i runga i te mata, ko te sonar ia he tino whai hua ki te ine i te hohonu me te kite i ngā mea i raro i te mata.
2. Te Whakamahere Huarahi me ngā Utauta Hiko
Mā te pūnaha ECDIS, ka taea e ngā heramana te whakamahere huarahi tere ake, me te tika ake. Heoi anō, me mārama tonu ngā heramana ki ngā kaupapa matua o te pānui i ngā tūtohi moana ā-ringa mēnā ka hē te pūnaha hiko.
3. Whāia ngā Mōhiohio mō te Huarere
He nui te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o te rangi ki te whakatere. He mea nui te whai i ngā whakahoutanga o te rangi me te aromatawai i te pānga o ēnei āhuatanga ki te huarahi moana e haerehia ana mō te haumaru.
Ngā Tohutohu me ngā Tinihanga mō te Pānui i ngā Tūtohi Moana
1. Whakaharatau Pānui Mahere
– Pērā i ngā pūkenga katoa, me whakaharatau kia matatau ai koe ki te pānui i ngā tūtohi moana. Whakamātauria ngā whakatauira whakatere waka.
2. Ngā Aratohu Pānui me ngā Pukapuka
– He maha ngā pukapuka me ngā aratohu e whakarato ana i ngā kōrero taipitopito mō te pānui i ngā tūtohi moana. Akohia, ā, whakamahia ēnei rauemi hei whakahōhonu ake i tō mātauranga.
3. Pātai atu, ā, Kōrero atu
– Kaua e mangere ki te pātai atu ki ngā kaiwhakatere waka mohio ake, ki tētahi kaiako whakatere rānei mō ētahi atu kōrero.
4. Whakahōu tonu i te Mahere
– Kia mahara ki te whakamahi i ngā tūtohi moana hou rawa atu, nā te mea he wā anō kāore ngā huringa o te moana e tuhia ana ki ngā tūtohi tawhito.
Whakamutunga
He pūkenga nui te pānui tūtohi me mātau e ngā heramana katoa. Mai i te mārama ki ngā tohu me ngā whakarāpopototanga, te whakatau i te tauine, tae atu ki te ine i te hohonu, he mea nui ia āhuatanga hei whakarite i tētahi haerenga haumaru me te whai hua. Mā te whakaharatau tonu me te noho mōhio ki ngā whanaketanga hou o te hangarau whakatere, ka taea e ngā heramana te pupuri i ēnei pūkenga kia koi, kia whai tikanga hoki, kia taea ai e rātou te aro atu ki ngā wero i te moana me te nui ake o te māia me te rite.
Ehara i te mea ko te tae noa ki tō ūnga te kaupapa o te whakatere, engari ko te haere haumaru hoki. Ko te tumanako, mā tēnei aratohu koe e āwhina kia mārama ake ai ki te pānui i tētahi tūtohi moana, kia angitu ake ai, kia haumaru ake ai hoki tō haerenga!
