Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Tatau i te Wā Haere o te Kaipuke
He mea nui te tatau i te roa o te haere i runga kaipuke mō te tuku kaipuke, mō ngā mahi o ia rā, mō te whakamahere i ngā mahi kawe waka, me te haumaru whakatere. Mā te mōhio ki te wā haere e matapaetia ana ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere kaipuke te whakamahere i ngā wā wehenga me te taenga mai, te whakatau i te whakapaunga wahie, te whakahaere i ngā panonitanga o ngā kaimahi, me te matapae i ngā whakaroa nā te huarere, nā ngā āhuatanga rānei o nāianei. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā kaupapa matua o te tatau i te wā haere i runga kaipuke, mai i ngā ariā o te tere me te tawhiti ki ngā āhuatanga whakatikatika mara e pā pinepine ana ki ngā hua tatau.
1. Ngā Ariā Matua: Te Tawhiti, te Tere, me te Wā
Ko te pūtake mō te tatau i te wā haere o te kaipuke e pā ana ki tētahi whanaungatanga māmā:
Wā = Tawhiti / Tere
Heoi, i roto i te mahi kaipuke, me mārama tika ngā waeine. Ko te tawhiti i te moana ka whakaaturia i roto i ngā maero moana (NM), ko te tere o te kaipuke ka whakaaturia i roto i ngā pona (kn).
– 1 pona = 1 maero moana ia hāora (1 NM/hāora)
– 1 maero moana = 1.852 mita = 1,852 kiromita
Mā tēnei, ki te whakaaturia te tawhiti ki te NM me te tere ki te pona, ka whakaaturia aunoatia te wā ki te hāora. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake ngā tataunga me te kore e huri ki te kiromita.
Tauira māmā:
Mena ka haere te kaipuke i te tawhiti o te 120 NM i te tere o te 12 kn, kāti:
– Te wā = 120 / 12 = 10 hāora
Ka kiia tēnei tātaitanga he whakatau tata mō te wā haere i runga i te tere i roto i te wai (te tere o te kaipuke e pā ana ki te wai) mēnā kāore e whakaarohia ngā ia, ka kiia rānei he tere i runga i te whenua (te tere e pā ana ki te mata o te whenua) mēnā kei roto ko te pānga o ngā ia.
2. Te Mārama ki te Tere o te Waka: STW me te SOG
I roto i te mahi whakatere, e rua ngā kupu tere e whakamahia ana:
1. Tere i roto i te Wai (STW)
Te tere o te kaipuke e pā ana ki te taumaha o te wai. I te nuinga o te wā ka inehia mā te whakamahi i te rākau tere (rākau tere).
2. Tere i runga i te Whenua (SOG)
Te tere o te kaipuke e pā ana ki te whenua. I te nuinga o te wā ka riro mai i te GPS.
Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā mea e rua nā ngā ia o te moana. Mena kei te tere te kaipuke i te 12 kn i roto i te wai (STW) engari he ia 2 kn, ko te tere e pā ana ki te whenua (SOG) he 14 kn. I tetahi atu taha, ki te 2 kn te ia ki te whenua, ka heke te SOG ki te 10 kn.
I roto i te horopaki o te whakamahere haerenga, he mea nui ake te SOG nā te mea ko te tere o te neke o te kaipuke e whakatauhia ana e te whenua, ehara i te wai.
3. Te Pānga o te Au me te Me Pēhea te Whakatikatika
Ka taea e ngā ia te whakatere, te whakaroa rānei i te haere. He māmā noa iho:
SOG = STW ± tere o te au (wāhanga i te ahunga o te ara)
He mea nui kia mōhiotia he ahunga anō tō te ia; ki te kore te ahunga o te ia e tino ōrite, e tino rerekē rānei, ko te wāhanga ia anake i te ahunga o te ara ka pā ki te SOG.
Tauira:
– Taumaha o te kaipuke: 13 kn
– Te au tika o te ara: 1,5 kn
– Nō reira SOG ≈ 14,5 kn
Mena he 200 NM te tawhiti, ko te wā ko:
– 200 / 14,5 ≈ 13,79 hāora (≈ 13 hāora 47 meneti)
Mō ngā hiahia whakahaere tere, he rawaka tēnei huarahi. Mō te whakamahere tika ake, ka wehea te au ki ngā wāhanga huarahi, nā te mea ka rerekē te kaha o te au i runga i te wāhi me te wā (ngā tai, ngā wā, ngā kokoru whaiti, me ētahi atu).
4. Tahurihia ngā Hāora ki ngā Miniti me ngā Hōputu Wā
Ko te hua tātaitanga he maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā hāora iraira. Hei huri ki ngā hāora me ngā meneti:
– Tangohia te wāhanga hāora hei hāora
– Ka whakareatia te wāhanga ira ki te 60 hei whiwhi meneti.
Tauira:
13,79 hāmi
– Hāora = 13
– Ngā meneti = 0,79 × 60 = 47,4 ≈ 47 meneti
Nō reira ≈ 13 hāora 47 meneti
I roto i ngā mahi tuku kaipuke, he nui te tika o te meneti hei whakatau tata i te ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival), engari i roto i ētahi mahi pēnei i te whakawhiti waka tere, i ngā wā taunga tauranga pukumahi rānei, ka taea te whakarite taipitopito ake mā te whakaaro ki ngā nekehanga tomo, puta hoki o te tauranga.
5. Ngā Take Whaihua e Pā Ana ki te Wā Haere
He taketake te tātai wā = tawhiti/tere, engari i te ao whānui he maha ngā āhuatanga e whakarerekē ana i te tere whai hua:
a) Ngā Āhua o te Huarere me ngā Ngaru
Ka whakanui ake ngā hau kaha me ngā ngaru teitei i te ātete, ka heke te tere o ngā kaipuke. Me whakaiti pea te tere o ngā kaipuke, inā koa ngā kaipuke pāhihi, ngā waka iti rānei, kia haumaru ai, kia whakamarie ai hoki. I ētahi wā, mā te huri i ngā huarahi hei karo i te huarere kino ka piki ake te tawhiti o te haere.
b) Ngā Pānga o te Hau me te Āputaputa
Ka taea e te hau te mea kia hē te haere o te waka (kia kore e rere te huarahi). Ahakoa ka taea e ngā pūnaha whakatere te whakatika i te ahunga urungi, i ētahi wā ka roa ake te huarahi, ka heke rānei te tere whai hua o ēnei whakatikatika.
c) Te Āhua me te Utaina o te Mīhini
Ka taumaha ake te kaipuke kua utaina katoatia, kāore i te tino tika te āhua, kua poke rānei te anga, ā, ka nui ake te tōia. Ko te mutunga: ka heke te tere, ka nui ake rānei te kai wahie kia mau tonu ai te tere.
d) Ngā Herenga Waka me te Tere
I ngā wāhi tauranga, i ngā awa whaiti, i ngā wāhi rānei he ture motuhake (hei tauira, hei whakaiti i ngā ngaru e ngaru ana i te takutai), me whakaiti te tere o ngā kaipuke. Hei tāpiri, me tatari pea ngā kaipuke ki te taunga, ki te tatari rānei mō te pailate.
e) Ngā Nekeneke Whakatakoto me te Wetewete i te Taunga
Ehara i te mea ko te wā haere i te "moana" anake. He wā anō kei reira mō:
– Te whakarite mō te wehenga atu
– Te whakarērea
– Puta atu i te awaawa o te whanga
– Te tatari mō te pailate/waka tō
– Eke ki te awaawa, tahuri, ka okioki whakamuri
I roto i te whakamahere, ka whakaurua pinepinetia tēnei mahi hei wā ārai, hei wā rahui rānei, hei tauira, 30–120 meneti i runga i te tauranga me te momo kaipuke.
6. Ngā Tikanga Whai Hua mō te Tatau i te Wā Haere e Whakatauhia ana
Anei ētahi mahi māmā e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te whakamahere:
1. Whakatauhia ngā wāhi wehenga atu me ngā wāhi ūnga atu
Whakamahia he tūtohi moana, he pūnaha ECDIS rānei hei ine i ngā tawhiti neke atu i te kotahi mita mita (NM).
2. Wehea te ara kia wāhanga (kāore he kōwhiringa engari e taunakitia ana)
Hei tauira, mō ia wāhanga 20–50 NM, inā koa mēnā he rerekē te ia.
3. Whakatauhia te tere kua whakaritea
Ka taea te whakawhirinaki ki te tere ratonga o te kaipuke, ki ngā rohe mahi rānei.
4. Te whakatikatika i te awe o nāianei
Whakamahia te iahiko i whakatauhia; whakaputahia he SOG mō ia wāhanga.
5. Tātaihia te wā mō ia wāhanga, kātahi ka tāpirihia.
6. Tāpirihia te wā nekeneke me te ārai
Hei tauira, "+1 hāora" mō ngā tauranga pukumahi, ngā wā huarere kino rānei.
Mā tēnei huarahi ka puta he whakatau tata ETA pono ake i te tatau kotahi.
7. Tauira o te Tātaitanga Māmā me te Pūwero
Hei tauira:
– Te tawhiti o te huarahi: 180 NM
– Tere kaipuke (STW): 12 kn
– Te au toharite ki: 1 kn
– Te roa o te nekeneke i te tauranga: 1 hāora
Nā reira:
– SOG = 12 – 1 = 11 kn
– Te wā whakatere = 180 / 11 = 16,36 hāora
– 0,36 × 60 ≈ 21,6 meneti → 22 meneti
Nō reira, ko te roa o te rere he ≈ 16 hāora 22 meneti
Tāpirihia he nekehanga 1 hāora → 17 hāora 22 meneti
Mā ēnei hua, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatau tata i ngā wā taenga, te whakarite i ngā kaimahi, me te whakarite i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te tauranga ūnga.
8. Whakamutunga
Ko te tātaitanga taketake o te wā haere o te kaipuke e ahu mai ana i te tātai māmā o te wā = tawhiti / tere, me ngā waeine kaipuke noa o te NM me ngā pona. Heoi, hei whakatau tata i te whakatau tata, me whai whakaaro ngā tātaitanga ki ngā āhuatanga o te mara pēnei i te au (SOG vs. STW), te rangi, ngā āhuatanga o te kaipuke, ngā ture waka, me ngā wā nekeneke o te tauranga. Mā te huarahi pūnaha—te ine i te tawhiti, te whakatau i te tere hoahoa, te whakatika i te au, te tatau i ia wāhanga, me te tāpiri i ngā ārai—ka tika ake te whakamahere haerenga, ā, ka taea e ngā mahi kaipuke te whakahaere pai ake me te haumaru.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi ripanga tahuritanga NM–km, he tauira tātaitanga e hangai ana ki te wāhanga huarahi, he tauira māmā rānei (Excel/Google Sheets) hei tātai aunoa i te ETA.
