Hītori o te Whanaketanga o te Matū Waro
Pendahuluan
Ko te matū waro te peka o te matū e ako ana i ngā pūhui waro me ā rātou tauhohenga. Ahakoa te āhua whaiti, he whānui rawa tēnei peka, e kapi ana i ngā mea katoa mai i ngā koiora i roto i ngā rauropi ora ki ngā rauemi hangai pērā i te kirihou me ngā rongoā. Ko te whanaketanga o te matū waro e whakaata ana i tētahi haerenga roa i roto i te māramatanga o te tangata ki ngā rauemi e karapoti nei i a tātou me pēhea te huri i a rātou mō ngā kaupapa rerekē. Ka arotakehia e tēnei tuhinga te hītori o te matū waro, mai i ngā tirohanga tōmua o ngā rauemi waro ki ngā hangarau me ngā tono hou.
Tawhito ki te Waenganui o ngā Tau
I mua i te rautau 19, kāore i wehea te matū ki ngā peka e mōhiotia ana e tātou i ēnei rā. Ko te alkimia he momo mahi matū tōmua, e whai ana ki te huri i ngā konganuku turanga ki te koura, me te kimi i te rongoā o te ora. Ahakoa e kiia ana te alkimia he pūtaiao rūpahu, he maha ngā ariā me ngā tikanga matū taketake i whakatūria i roto i te mahi alkimia. I roto i te horopaki o te matū waro , i whai wāhi te alkimia ki ngā tikanga maha mō te tango me te pure i ngā matū mai i ngā rauemi taiao, ahakoa kāore i te tino mārama ki te hanganga ngota.
Te Huringa Matū me te Ariā o te Whakaoraora
I te mutunga o te rautau 18 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, ka tīmata te whanaketanga o te matū hei pūtaiao e aro ana ki ngā whakamātautau, i puta mai i te Huringa Matū i tīmatahia e Antoine Lavoisier. E mōhiotia ana a Lavoisier ko te "Matua o te Matū Hou" mō tana hanganga angitu o te ture tiaki i te papatipu me te tautuhi me te whakaingoa i ngā momo huānga matū.
I tēnei wā, i whakapono ngā kaipūtaiao ki te ariā o te vitalism, i kī ai ko ngā mea ora anake ka taea te whakaputa i ngā matū waro nā te mea he "kaha ora" kei roto, he "kaha ora" rānei. I mau tonu tēnei whakaaro tae noa ki te wā i angitu ai a Friedrich Wöhler i te tau 1828 ki te hanga i te urea, he matū waro, mai i te ammonium cyanate, he matū kore-waro. Nā tēnei whakatutukitanga nui i tīmata ai te matū waro hei kaupapa motuhake, ā, i whakaatu i te taea te hanga i ngā matū waro mai i ngā rauemi kore-waro me te kore he "kaha ora".
Te Whanaketanga o te Hanganga Ngota me te Ariā Tiaki Pūngao a Avogadro
I waenganui o te rautau 19, i ahu whakamua te māramatanga ki te hanganga ngota o ngā matū waro. Ko Aleksander Butlerov, ko August Kekulé, me Archibald Scott Couper ngā tino tangata i whakawhanake i ngā ariā o te hanganga matū i noho hei tūāpapa mō te matū waro. Hei tauira, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana a Kekulé mō tana ariā o te hanganga huringa o te benzene, i whakaahuahia e ia he mowhiti ono-mema me ngā hononga takitahi me ngā hononga takirua.
He mea nui anō hoki te whakaae ki te ariā a Avogadro i waenganui o te rautau 19, nā te mea i kīia ko ngā rahinga ōrite o ngā hau i te pāmahana me te pēhanga ōrite he ōrite te maha o ngā ngota. Nā tēnei i whakarato te pūtake mō te whakatau i ngā papatipu ngota whanaunga me te stoichiometry o ngā tauhohenga matū.
Te Isomerism me te Streterochemistry
Ko te isomerism, te āhuatanga e rua, neke atu rānei ngā pūhui rerekē he rite te tātai ngota , i noho hei kaupapa rangahau i te mutunga o te rautau 19. Ko Hermann Emil Fischer tētahi o ngā paionia i tēnei mara me tana mahi ki ngā warowaihā me ngā waikawa amino.
Ko te rangahau i te stereochemistry, e aro ana ki te whakaritenga toru-ahu o ngā ngota i roto i ngā ngota, i aro nuihia i te kitenga a Louis Pasteur i te wehenga o ngā tioata waikawa tartaric enantiomeric. Nō muri mai ka whakawhanakehia e Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff te ariā tetrahedral o te waro, i whakamārama tika i te āhua ā-wāhi o ngā ngota waro.
Matū Hanga me te Matū Ahumahi
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i kitea te tere o te hanga o ngā matū waro, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi rongoā, tae, me te polymer. Hei tauira, ko te kitenga o te aspirin e Bayer i te tau 1897 me te kitenga o te penicillin e Alexander Fleming i te tau 1928, i whakawhanakehia i roto i te ahumahi e Chain rāua ko Florey i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i huri i te maimoatanga hauora.
Nā ngā whanaketanga o te polymerization i tuku mai hoki he rauemi hou i whakarerekē i te ao. Nā Leo Baekeland i hanga te Bakelite i te tau 1907, te kirihou hangai tuatahi, ā, i tīmata ai tētahi wā hou o ngā rauemi hangarau.
Ngā Tauhohenga me ngā Tikanga Hanga Hou
I waenganui o te rautau 20, ko ngā whanaketanga o te matū waro i uru atu ki te kitenga o ngā tauhohenga matū matua maha e hanga ana i te pūtake o te hanganga waro hou. Kei roto i ēnei tauhohenga ko te Diels-Alder, Wittig, me ētahi atu tauhohenga e āhei ai te hanganga o ngā matū matatini mai i ngā matū māmā.
Kua kitea hoki te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga tātari pērā i te whakaataata hihi-X, te NMR, me te ine papatipu, e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga taipitopito ki ngā hanganga ngota me ngā tikanga tauhohenga. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā kaimātai matū te hoahoa i ngā tauhohenga me te matapae tika ake i ngā hua tauhohenga.
Te Takoha o te Matū Waro ki te Koiora Ngota me te Hangarau Koiora
He nui hoki ngā takoha a te matū waro ki te koiora ngota me te hangarau koiora. Nā te hanganga DNA a Khorana me tōna māramatanga ki ngā tikanga whakaputarua ira i whakatakoto te ara mō te hurihanga i roto i te ira me te hangarau koiora. Nā te hangarau CRISPR-cas9 me ētahi atu tikanga hangarau ira, kua noho te hanganga matū o ngā oligonucleotides hei mea nui ki te whanaketanga o te rongoā ira me te tātaritanga ira.
Te Wā Hou me te Ao o Muri Mai
I ēnei rā, kei te tere tonu te whanaketanga o te matū waro. Kei roto i te matū waro hou te matū matomato, e whai ana ki te whakaiti i te pānga taiao o te hanganga matū, me te matū rorohiko, e whakamahi ana i te whakatauira me te whakatauira hei matapae i ngā tauhohenga me te hoahoa i ngā ngota. Ko te whakawhanaketanga o ngā whakakorikori whai hua me te whiriwhiri he arotahi nui hoki o te rangahau, tae atu ki te horopaki o ngā tauhohenga e pai ake ana ki te taiao.
Whakamutunga
E whakaatu ana te hītori o te matū waro i te āhua o te whakarerekētanga o tēnei peka o te pūtaiao i tō tātou ao, mai i te alkimia tawhito ki te hangarau hanga hou. Hei pūtaiao e whakamārama ana i ngā āhuatanga taiao anake, engari e āhei ai hoki ki te auahatanga mutunga kore, ka noho tonu te matū waro hei mara rangahau hihiri, ā, ka whai pānga nui ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga tangata. I te haere tonu o te whakahiatotanga me te rangahau, ko wai ka mōhio he aha atu ka kitea? He pono, ka haere tonu te whanaketanga o tēnei hītori i te haere tonu o te ao tangata.
