Te Whakamahinga o ngā Matū Organophosphate
Ko ngā matū organophosphate he rōpū matū kei roto he ngota phosphorus (P) e herea ana ki tētahi rōpū waro (e ahu mai ana i te waro). E mōhiotia whānuitia ana tēnei rōpū mō tōna tūranga nui i roto i te ahuwhenua, te hauora tūmatanui, me te ahumahi. I tētahi taha, ka āwhina ngā organophosphate ki te whakapiki i te hua kai mā te whakahaere i ngā pepeke. I tētahi atu taha, he tino paitini ētahi organophosphate ki te tangata me te taiao ina whakamahia me te kore e tūpato. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā whakamahinga o ngā organophosphate, ō rātou painga, me ngā mōrearea me ngā mahi whakahaere nui.
He aha ngā matū organophosphate?
I te nuinga o te wā, kei roto i ngā organophosphates ngā momo matū rerekē o ngā waikawa phosphoric, phosphonic, me te phosphorothioic, me ngā rerekētanga hanganga e pā ana ki ō rātou āhuatanga ā-tinana me te paitini. He maha ngā organophosphates e mahi ana mā te pā ki te pūnaha io o ngā rauropi, mā te aukati i te whākōkī acetylcholinesterase. Ka pakaruhia e tēnei whākōkī te acetylcholine, he neurotransmitter e tuku tohu ana puta noa i ngā synapses io. Ina aukatia te whākōkī, ka kohia te acetylcholine ka pāngia te mahi io, ka taea ai e ngā take kino te arahi ki te pararutiki manawa.
Ahakoa e hono pinepine ana tēnei tikanga ki ngā patu pepeke organophosphate, kāore ngā organophosphate katoa e whakamahia ana hei patu pepeke. Ka whakamahia hoki ētahi hei whakarewa, hei tāpiri, hei hanga kirihou, hei takawaenga hoki i roto i ngā tukanga hanga matū.
Te whakamahinga o ngā organophosphates i roto i te ahuwhenua
Ko te whakamahinga rongonui o ngā organophosphates ko ngā patu pepeke, arā, ngā matū e whakamahia ana hei patu, hei whakahaere rānei i ngā pepeke kino. Mai i waenganui o te rautau 20, kua noho ngā organophosphates hei huarahi kē atu ki ngā patu pepeke organochlorine e mau tonu ana i roto i te taiao. Ka tere ake te pirau o ngā organophosphates i ētahi organochlorine, ā, ka iti ake ngā toenga taiao ina whakahaeretia tika.
I roto i te ahuwhenua, ka whakamahia ngā organophosphates mō:
1. Whakahaerehia ngā pepeke rau me te kakau pērā i ngā anuhe, ngā aphid, me ngā pepeke ngote.
2. Te tiaki i ngā hua o ngā hua kai (raihi, kānga), māra (huawhenua, hua rākau), me ngā māra (kawhe, koko).
3. Te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga hua ahuwhenua i muri i te kotinga, ahakoa kei te kaha haere te whakamahinga i tēnei wāhi nā ngā take toenga.
Ko te painga matua o ngā organophosphates i roto i te ahuwhenua ko tōna whai huatanga ki te whānuitanga o ngā pepeke me tōna tere whakahekenga o ngā taupori pepeke. Heoi, he wero nui kei te puta mai i te whanaketanga pea o te ātete ki ngā pepeke mena ka whakamahia tonutia me te kore e huri i ngā kai hohe me te whakatinana i te Whakahaere Pepeke Whakauru (IPM).
Te whakamahinga i roto i te hauora tūmatanui
Haunga te ahuwhenua, ka whakamahia hoki ngā organophosphates hei whakahaere i ngā kawe mate, pērā i ngā waeroa e kawe ana i te kirika dengue, te malaria, te filariasis rānei. I ngā pakarutanga, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke hei kohu, hei rehu toenga rānei ki ngā wāhi motuhake.
Ahakoa he whai hua, me tino tupato te whakamahinga ki ngā wāhi noho nā te mea ka pāngia te tangata, inā koa ki ngā rōpū ngoikore pēnei i ngā pēpi, ngā tamariki, ngā wāhine hapu, me ngā kaumātua. Nō reira, me whai i ngā aratohu mana, te horopeta tika, me ngā tikanga haumaru tino pakari.
Te whakamahinga o ngā organophosphates i roto i ngā ahumahi
Haunga ngā patu pepeke, he maha ngā matū organophosphate e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi , tae atu ki:
– Ngā tāpiringa hinu whakahinuhinu hei whakapai ake i te mahi me te ātete ki te wera.
– Ngā ārai mura i roto i ētahi rauemi pūmua.
– He mea hanga kirihou hei whakanui ake i te ngāwari o te kirihou.
– Ngā takawaenga hangai i roto i te hanga o ētahi atu hua matū, tae atu ki ngā kai rongoā me ngā tauhohenga motuhake.
Kāore ēnei whakamahinga ahumahi e hono tonu ana ki ngā tikanga aukati acetylcholinesterase, pērā i te mea e pā ana ki ngā patu pepeke. Heoi anō, me arotake tonu te haumaru nā te mea ka taea e ētahi organophosphates ahumahi te whakapataritari, te paitini, te pā kino pea ki te taiao.
Ngā mōrearea hauora mai i te pānga o te organophosphate
Ka pāngia pea ngā organophosphates mā te manawa, te pā ki te kiri, te horomitanga rānei. Ko te mōrearea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo matū, te kukū, te roa o te pānga, me te āhua hauora o te tangata.
Ko ngā tohu o te pānga ohorere ko:
– te ānini, te whanoke, te whakapairuaki, te ruaki
– te werawera nui, te nui haere o te huware
– te poto o te manawa, te maremare, te mamae o te uma
– te tirohanga pōuri, ngā haurangi i ngā wā tino kino
Ki te nui te pānga, ka taea e te mate te whanake ki te ngoikore o te manawa e morearea ana ki te ora. I taua wā, ko te pānga roa (ko ngā pānga iti tonu mō te wā roa) he āwangawanga tonu nā te mea ka hono pea ki ngā mate pūnaha io, te ngoikore o te aro, me ētahi atu pānga hauora, ahakoa he rerekē pea ngā taunakitanga me te taumata mōrearea mō ia matū.
Nō reira, ko ngā kaimahi e pā pinepine ana ki ngā patupatu organophosphate—pērā i ngā kaimahi pāmu, ngā kaipupuhi, ngā kaimahi whare putunga patupatu—me whai whakangungu haumaru me ngā tirotiro hauora auau i ngā wā katoa e taea ai.
Pānga ki te taiao me te haumaru kai
I roto i te taiao, ka taea e ngā organophosphates te whakapoke i te oneone me ngā wai mā te whakamahinga nui, te whakakorenga para kore tika, te rerenga mai rānei i te whenua ahuwhenua i te wā ua. Ka taea e ēnei matū te pā ki ngā rauropi kāore i te whainga pēnei i ngā pepeke whakapūpū, ngā ika, me ētahi atu mea ora i roto i te wai.
I roto i te horopaki o te haumaru kai, he take nui ngā toenga organophosphate i roto i ngā hua ahuwhenua. Ko te tikanga, ka whakatūhia e ngā ture ngā Mōrahi Toenga (MRL) hei whakarite kia haumaru te kai mō te kai. He mea nui te pupuri i tētahi wā i mua i te kotinga i muri i te rehu hei whakaiti i ngā toenga ki ngā taumata e whakaaetia ana.
Ngā mātāpono o te whakamahinga haumaru me te kawenga
Hei whiwhi i ngā painga o ngā organophosphates me te kore e pāngia e ngā mōrearea nui, he mea nui ngā mātāpono e whai ake nei:
1. Whāia te tapanga me te horopeta kua tūtohutia.
Kaua e whakanuia te horopeta me te whakaaro he pai ake ngā hua. Mā te nui rawa o te horopeta ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te paitini me ngā toenga.
2. Whakamahia ngā Taputapu Tiaki Whaiaro (PPE)
Ko ngā mea iti rawa ko ngā karapu, he kopare/manawa tika, he karu tiaki, he hāte ringaringa roa, me ngā hu kua kati te taupoki.
3. Kia aro ki te ahunga o te hau me ngā āhuatanga o te rangi
Mā te rehu i te wā e hau kaha ana ka nui ake te rere (ka haria e te hau) ki ētahi atu wāhi, tae atu ki ngā puna wai me ngā kāinga.
4. Penapenahia, ā, makahia te takai ki te wāhi tika
Me rongoa ngā patupatu kia matara atu i te kai, kia kore hoki e taea e ngā tamariki te toro atu. Kaua e whakamahia anō ngā takai, ā, me maka atu kia rite ki ngā ture ā-rohe.
5. Whakatinanahia te Whakahaere Pest Whakauru (IPM)
Whakahāngaihia te aroturukitanga o ngā pepeke, te whakawhiti i ngā matū hohe, te whakamahinga o ngā hoariri tūturu, me ngā tikanga whakatipu hei pehi i ngā taupori pepeke. Ko ngā patu pepeke te huarahi whakamutunga, ā, me whakamahi mā te whiriwhiri.
6. Te whakangungu me te mātauranga kaiwhakamahi
He maha ngā aituā paihana e puta mai ana i te kore o ngā mōhiotanga. He tino āwhina te whakangungu mō te whakaranu, te rehu, me te āwhina tuatahi.
Ngā huarahi kaupapa here me ngā huarahi kē atu
I roto i te maha o ngā whenua, kei te kaha haere ngā ture mō ngā organophosphates. Kua whakawhāitihia, kua āraia rānei ētahi o ngā matū hohe nā te mea he āwangawanga mō ngā pānga ki te hauora me te taiao. I taua wā anō, kei te ahu whakamua ngā rangahau ki ngā patupatu whiriwhiri ake, ngā whakatakotoranga haumaru ake, me ngā tikanga kore-matū pērā i te whakahaere koiora, ngā mahanga pheromone, me ngā momo tipu ātete ki ngā pepeke.
Heoi, ko te whakawhiti ki ngā huarahi kē atu me tautoko i ngā kaupapa here, te urunga atu ki te hangarau, me te ārahi i ngā kaimahi pāmu kia kore ai e heke te hua. I roto i te mahi, kei te mau tonu te whakamahinga o te organophosphate nā te nui o te utu, te wātea me te whai huatanga.
Whakamutunga
He mahi nui tā ngā matū organophosphate, inā koa i roto i te whakahaere i ngā pepeke ahuwhenua me ngā kawe mate, tae atu ki ētahi mahi ahumahi. Ahakoa e mārama ana ō rātou painga ki te tautoko i te whakaputa kai me te hauora tūmatanui, he nui hoki ngā mōrearea mēnā ka puta he pānga kore whakahaere. Ko te mea nui ko te whakamahi i te horopeta tika, te whakamahi i ngā PPE tika, te piri ki te wā tatari, me te whakatinana i te IPM hei whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā patu pepeke. Mā te huarahi kawenga me te ture kaha, ka taea te whakamahi haumaru ake i ngā organophosphate me te tiaki tonu i te tangata me te taiao.
