Anei ngā tuhinga i tonoa e koe:
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Me pēhea te tautuhi i ngā matū rauropi
He mea nui ngā matū waro, arā, ko te waro, te hauwai, te hāora, te hauota, me ētahi atu huānga, i roto i ō tātou oranga o ia rā. Kei roto i ngā mea katoa mai i te kai ki ngā rongoā, ngā matū ahumahi, me ngā mea ora. Heoi, ko te tautuhi i ngā matū waro he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he huinga o ngā tikanga tātari rerekē kia tika ai ngā hua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga rerekē ka taea te whakamahi hei tautuhi i ngā matū waro.
1. Te Matawai Pūwero (IR)
He tikanga tātari tino whai hua te irahiko pūwero-whero mō te tautuhi i ngā rōpū mahi i roto i ngā pūhui waro. Ina whakaatuhia ngā pūhui waro ki te mārama pūwero-whero, ka mimitihia e ētahi rōpū mahi te pūngao, ā, ka puta he tihi āhua i roto i te irahiko IR. Hei tauira:
– Ko te rōpū hydroxyl (OH) te tikanga ka puta he tihi mimiti kaha, whānui hoki i te 3200-3600 cm^-1.
– Ka puta te rōpū carbonyl (C=O) hei tihi kaha i te 1700 cm^-1.
Ka taea e ngā hihi whero te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō ngā rōpū mahi kei roto i te ngota ngota, ā, ka āwhina i ngā matū ki te whakatau i te hanganga tika o te matū.
2. Te Matawai NMR (Te Āhuatanga Aukume Karihi)
Ko te tirotiro ā-pūtaiao NMR tētahi o ngā taputapu tino kaha mō te whakatau i te hanganga o ngā ngota waro. E rua ngā momo matua o te NMR:
– Pūtorino NMR (¹H-NMR): Ka whakarato i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te taiao matū o ngā pūtorino i roto i te ngota. Mā te whakamahi i te ¹H-NMR, ka taea e tātou te whakatau i te maha o ngā pūtorino e pā ana ki ia tihi, ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā pūtorino, me te momo taiao matū o aua pūtorino.
– Waro-13 NMR (¹³C-NMR): Ka homai he mōhiohio mō ngā waro i roto i te ngota. Kāore i rite ki te ¹H-NMR, he māmā ake ngā ira ¹³C-NMR nā te mea kāore e uru ana ngā taunekeneke takahuri-takahuri ki te whānuitanga ōrite.
Mā te tātari i ngā irahiko NMR, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi i ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō te hononga me te taiao hiko huri noa i ngā ngota i roto i ngā ngota.
3. Te Matawai Papatipu (MS)
Ko te tirotiro papatipu he tikanga tātari e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i ngā papatipu o ngā ngota me ō rātou kongakonga. Ko tēnei tukanga tātari ko te whaka-ionize i tētahi ngota me te wawahi i a ia kia pakaru, kātahi ka inehia i runga i tō rātou ōwehenga papatipu/utu (m/z). Mā te tautuhi i ēnei kongakonga ka āwhina i te whakatau i te hanganga o te ngota.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te ine papatipu me ētahi atu tikanga pērā i te chromatography hau (GC-MS) te chromatography wai mahi-teitei rānei (HPLC-MS) hei wehewehe i ngā ranunga o ngā matū i mua i te whakahaere i te tātari papatipu.
4. Te Whakamātautau Chromatography
He tikanga wehewehe tino whai hua te chromatography mō te purenga me te tautuhi i ngā wāhanga o te ranunga:
– Te Pūtaiao Hau (GC): Hei wehewehe i ngā matū pūngāwerewere. Ka tere ake te memeha o ngā matū māmā i ngā matū taumaha.
– Te Whakamātautau Wai Mahi Teitei (HPLC): Whakamahia hei wehe i ngā matū kore-pūngoi, i ngā matū rānei e wairewa ana i roto i ngā wai.
He maha ngā wā ka honoa te chromatography me ngā taputapu kite matatau pēnei i te MS, te UV-Vis rānei, hei tāutu tika ake.
5. Whakamātautau Tahu
Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga tuku iho māmā rawa atu hei whakatau mēnā he matū waro tētahi matū ko te tahu. Nā te mea kei roto i ngā matū waro he waro, ka tahuna i te nuinga o te wā, ka mahue te hauhā waro (CO₂) me te wai (H₂O). Heoi, he whakangaro tēnei tikanga, ā, he taunakitanga anake e ranea ana mō te aroaro o te waro me te hauwai i roto i tētahi matū.
6. Tauhohenga Whakamātautau Rōpū Mahi
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tauhohenga matū maha hei kimi i ngā rōpū mahi motuhake i roto i tētahi matū. Ko ētahi tauira ko:
– Whakamātautau Tollens: Ka whakamahia he otinga o te hiriwa nitrate i roto i te haukini hei kimi i ngā aldehydes. Mā te aroaro o ngā aldehydes ka huri te otinga hei whakaata hiriwa.
– Te whakamātautau a Fehling: Mā te whakamahi i te otinga a Fehling hei kimi i ngā aldehydes. Ka puta he matūriki whero-pereki o te parahi(I) waikura i ngā aldehydes kua whakaitihia e Fehling.
Mā tēnei tikanga ka kitea tika te aroaro o ētahi rōpū mahi i roto i ngā pūhui waro.
7. Tātaritanga Taketake
Ko te tātari taketake he tikanga e whakamahia ana hei whakatau i te ōrau papatipu o ngā huānga whakauru i roto i tētahi pūhui waro. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā hua o te tātari taketake hei whakatau i te tātai ā-wheako o te pūhui.
8. Taupū Whakaata
Ko te ine i te taupū whakaata he tikanga kore-whakangaro mō te tautuhi i ngā matū waro. Ko te taupū whakaata he ine i te nui o te piko o te mārama i a ia e haere ana i roto i tētahi matū. He taupū whakaata ahurei tō ia matū, ā, ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei ine hei taputapu tautuhi.
9. Whakamātautau Kimi Wera
Mā te whakamātautau wetewete wera ka tirohia te pirau o tētahi matū ina werahia. Ka taea e tēnei te whakarato mōhiohio mō te pumau wera o te matū, ā, ka āwhina hoki ki te tautuhi i tōna hanganga ngota taketake.
10. Kakano me te Tae
Mā te mātakitaki tika i te kakano me te tae o tētahi pūhui ka taea hoki te whakarato i ngā tohu tuatahi. Mā ngā tioata, ngā wai, ngā totoka rānei he tae motuhake ka taea te whakarato i tētahi tohu mō te whakarōpūtanga whānui o te pūhui.
Whakamutunga
He tukanga uaua te tautuhi i ngā matū waro, ā, he maha ngā wā ka uru atu ki te whakakotahitanga o ngā tikanga tātari maha. Mai i te tirotiro IR me te NMR, te tirotiro papatipu, te chromatography, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau matū māmā pēnei i te whakamātautau Tollens, he kaha ō ēnei tikanga katoa, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngātahitia hei whakatutuki i te tautuhi tino tika. Me mārama ngā tohunga matū ki ngā mātāpono taketake o ia tikanga me pēhea te whakamahi pai i aua tikanga hei tautuhi i te hanganga o ngā ngota kāore i te mōhiotia.
Mā te whakakotahi i ēnei tikanga, ka taea e tātou te whiwhi i tētahi pikitia whānui o ngā matū waro, kia tika ai te tautuhi mō ngā momo mahi pūtaiao me ngā mahi ahumahi. Ehara i te mea he mea nui tēnei mōhiotanga mō te rangahau me te whanaketanga matū anake, engari he tino whai hua hoki i roto i ngā mara maha atu o te pūtaiao me te hangarau.
