Te Hiranga o te Magna Carta i roto i te Hītori Ture
Ko te Magna Carta, e mōhiotia ana ko te Great Charter, he tūnga matua i roto i ngā tuhinga o te hītori ture. I hiritia e Kingi John o Ingarangi i te tau 1215, i waenganui i ngā wā pōrearea, i puta tēnei tuhinga nui hei tohu mō ngā mātāpono pumau o te tika, te herekore, me te mana o te ture. Ahakoa i te tīmatanga he urupare mahi ki ngā amuamu tōrangapū tonu, kua hipa ake te hiranga o te Magna Carta i tōna horopaki taketake hei awe i te whakaaro ture me te whanaketanga kaupapa ture puta noa i te ao.
Horopaki Huarahi
He wā pakanga nui te tīmatanga o te rautau 13 i Ingarangi. I pōrearea te kingitanga o Kingi Hoani i ngā hinganga o te ope taua, te takoha tukino, me ngā pakanga ki ngā rangatira me te Hāhi. I tae te riri ki te taumata koropupū, ā, i arahina te rōpū rangatira whakakeke ki te akiaki i a Hoani ki te whiriwhiri. Nā tēnei whiriwhiringa taumaha i hua ake ai te Magna Carta, he kawenata i aro ki te whakaiti i te mana tino o te kingi, me te aro atu ki ngā amuamu a ngā rangatira.
E 63 ngā wāhanga o te Magna Carta, mai i ngā amuamu motuhake ki ngā mātāpono whānui o te kāwanatanga. Ahakoa he maha ngā whakaritenga i hāngai ki te horopaki feudal o taua wā, i whakaurua mai e te tuhinga ngā ariā pumau e mau tonu ana i roto i ngā pūnaha ture o ēnei rā.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Tika me te Herekoretanga
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui o te Magna Carta ko te mātāpono kāore he tangata, tae atu ki te kīngi, e iri ake ana i te ture. Kei roto i te Rārangi 39 tēnei e kī ana: "Kāore he tangata herekore e hopukina, e mauheretia rānei, e tangohia rānei ōna tika, ōna taonga rānei, e peia atu rānei, e peia atu rānei, e tangohia rānei tōna tūranga i tētahi atu ara, e kore hoki mātou e haere atu me te kaha ki te whawhai ki a ia, e tono atu rānei i ētahi atu ki te mahi pēnā, engari mā te whakatau ture a ōna hoa rite, mā te ture rānei o te whenua."
Nā tēnei i whakatakoto te kaupapa mō te mea ka waiho hei poutokomanawa mō ngā pūnaha ture o ēnei rā: te tukanga ture tika. He mea hou te whakaaro he tika ā-roto tō te tangata ki te whakahaere tika me te whakawakanga ture. I roto i te wā, ka whanake tēnei mātāpono hei ariā pēnei i te tika o ngā tukanga, te habeas corpus, me te tiaki i te pupuri tūpono - koinei ngā poutokomanawa o te mahi ture o ēnei rā.
Habeas Corpus me te Tukanga Tika
He mea tino kitea te awe o te Magna Carta ki te habeas corpus. Ko te habeas corpus, te tikanga ture hei whakahē i te pupuri turekore, e ahu mai ana i ngā whakaritenga a te Magna Carta mō te mauherehere tūpono. Ko te whanaketanga o te habeas corpus i roto i te ture Ingarihi i whakanui i te hiranga o te whakatau ture, ā, i whakakaha ake i ngā ārai ki te takahi ture a te kāwanatanga.
Waihoki, ko ngā ariā o te tukanga tika me te tiakitanga ōrite i raro i te ture, arā, ngā wāhanga nui o te Ture o te Hononga o Amerika, he nui te pānga ki te tukunga iho ture o te Magna Carta. Ko ngā taurangi o te tukanga tika me te tiakitanga ōrite o ngā Whakatikatika Tuarima me te Tekau mā Whā e pā ana ki te whakapau kaha o te Magna Carta ki te whakawa tika me te whakawakanga tika, e whakaatu ana i tōna taonga tuku iho pumau.
Te Awe ki te Whanaketanga Ture
Ko te pānga o te Magna Carta kei tua atu i tōna horopaki tata tonu, ā, he nui tōna awe ki te whanaketanga o te kaupapa ture i roto i ngā rautau. Nā ōna mātāpono i ārahi te Pire Tika Tangata o Ingarangi i te tau 1689, i whakawhāiti i ngā mana o te kingitanga, ā, i whakatakoto i te turanga mō te kingitanga ture. I whakamanahia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tika pēnei i te herekore mai i te whiu nanakia me te rerekē, me te tika ki te tono ki te kāwanatanga—he rite tonu ngā whakaritenga ki ngā kaupapa ture manapori o ēnei rā.
I whakamahia nuitia e ngā Matua Whakatū o Amerika ngā mātāpono o Magna Carta. I whakahuahia e James Madison, e kiia ana ko te "Matua o te Ture," te Magna Carta i tana tautoko i te whakaurunga o tētahi Pire o ngā Tika Tangata ki roto i te Ture o te Hononga o Amerika. E kitea ana te taonga tuku iho o te Magna Carta i roto i ngā arowhai me ngā taurite o te Ture, e whakarite ana kia kore e taea e tētahi peka kāwanatanga te whakamahi i te mana kore e āraihia, me te tiaki i ngā mana motuhake o te tangata.
Tohu o te Mana o te Ture
Haunga ōna kaupapa ture motuhake, ko te Magna Carta te tohu pumau o te mana o te ture. E tohu ana i te whakaaro ko ngā mana whakahaere katoa e herea ana e te ture, ā, me whakahaere tika. Ko te mana o te ture te mea nui ki tētahi manapori mahi, e whakarite ana kia whakahaerea te tika me te kore whakaaro pākiki, me te tiaki i ngā tāngata takitahi mai i te mana whakahaere kino.
I roto i te ao ture o ēnei rā, ko te mana o te ture e hiahia ana kia mārama, kia whai kawenga, kia taea ai te matapae i ngā mahi ture. Ko te tohe a te Magna Carta ki te whakatau ture me ngā herenga ki te mana tūpono kei te whai tonu i ēnei mātāpono i ēnei rā. I roto i ngā iwi katoa, mai i ngā mana whakahaere ture noa ki ērā he tikanga ture ā-iwi, ka rangona te mauri o te Magna Carta.
Te Pānga o te Magna Carta ki te Ao Whānui
Kāore te Magna Carta i herea noa ki Ingarangi, ki te ao rānei e kōrero ana i te reo Pākehā. Kua horapa ōna mātāpono ki ngā whakaaro ture o te ao, ā, kua awe i ngā anga tika tangata o te ao me ngā kaupapa ture ā-motu. Ko te Whakapuakitanga Ao mō ngā Tika Tangata, i whakaaetia e te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua i te tau 1948, e whakarapopoto ana i te wairua o te Magna Carta i roto i ōna whakaritenga mō te whakawakanga tika, te ōritetanga i mua i te ture, me te herekore mai i te pupuri tūpono.
Heoi anō, ko ngā manapori hou me ngā iwi e puta mai ana i te mana whakahaere motuhake kua titiro ki te Magna Carta hei tauira. Ko tana whakaū i te mana o te ture me ngā tika takitahi he aratohu tūāpapa mō te tuhi i ngā anga ture hou e aro ana ki te tiaki i te herekoretanga me te tika.
Mātauranga me te Hiringa
He taputapu mātauranga, he taputapu whakaaweawe hoki te Magna Carta, e whakaatu ana i te pakanga mō ngā tika me te tika. Ka whakanuia e ngā tohunga ture, ngā kaituhi hītori, me ngā kaiwhakaako tōna kōrero hei whakaatu i te hiranga o te mataara ki te tiaki i ngā herekoretanga. Mā te mārama ki te Magna Carta, ka taea e ngā whakatupuranga hou te mārama ki te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha ture me te hiahia tonu ki te tautoko i te tika me te ōritetanga.
Ka akohia e ngā kura ture me ngā akoranga ā-iwi o te ao whānui te Magna Carta hei whakatō i te wairua o te haere tonu o te hītori me te hiranga o ngā mātāpono ture e tiaki ana i ngā herekoretanga takitahi. E whakaatu ana tēnei taonga tuku iho pumau i te rapunga whānui mō te tika me te wero e pā tonu ana ki te whakataurite i te mana me te herekoretanga.
Opaniraa
Kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i te hiranga o te Magna Carta i roto i te hītori ture. Ko te mea i tīmata hei huinga whakaaetanga whiriwhiri hei whakatika i ngā amuamu a ngā rangatira o ngā wā o mua kua whanake hei tohu mō te tika, te herekore, me te mana o te ture. Kua tino awe ōna mātāpono i te whanaketanga o te kaupapa ture, ā, kei te haere tonu te whakamōhio i ngā mahi ture huri noa i te ao.
I tēnei wā e noho tonu ana te tiakitanga o ngā tika takitahi me te piripono ki te mana o te ture hei mea nui, ko te Magna Carta te tohu o te mana pumau o ēnei kaupapa. E whakamahara ana i a tātou ko te rapunga i te tika he haerenga tonu, ā, ko ngā mātāpono kua whakatōkia ki roto i tēnei tuhinga tawhito e whai tikanga tonu ana i ēnei rā, pērā i te wā i neke atu i te waru rautau ki muri.
