Te Whakatakotoranga Papatūānuku me tōna Whakamārama: Te Tūhura i ngā Papa Wā o te Ao
Ko te Stratigraphy he peka o te matawhenua e ako ana i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā paparanga toka puta noa i te hītori o te Ao. He mea nui tēnei pūtaiao ki te mārama ki te whanaketanga o te Ao me te ora i runga i a ia i roto i te wā. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga he aha te stratigraphy, me pēhea te whakamahi a ngā tohunga matawhenua i ngā mōhiohio mai i ngā paparanga toka hei whakamārama i te hītori o te Ao, me ngā tono mahi o tēnei rangahau.
Te Mārama ki te Stratigraphy
I ahu mai te kupu Stratigraphy i ngā kupu 'stratum', arā, he paparanga, me te kupu 'graphy', arā, he whakaahua, he tuhi rānei. Ki te whakarāpopototanga, ko te stratigraphy te ako i ngā paparanga toka, paparanga oneone rānei i roto i te wā. Ko ēnei paparanga, e kiia nei ko te strata, ka hangaia i roto i te raupapa whanaunga, ko ngā paparanga tawhito kei raro, ko ngā paparanga taitamariki kei runga (mēnā kāore i whakararuraruhia e ētahi atu mahi whenua).
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Stratigraphy
Hei mārama ki te stratigraphy, he mea nui kia mōhio ki ōna mātāpono taketake:
1. Ture o te Taupatupatu: I roto i tētahi raupapa paparanga kāore i te whakakorikoria, ko te paparanga o raro te mea tawhito rawa, ko te paparanga o runga te mea pōtiki rawa.
2. Te Ture o te Haere Tonutanga Taha: I te tīmatanga ka hangaia ngā paparanga toka ki te taha whakapae, ā, ka taea te toro atu ki ngā taha katoa tae noa ki te angiangi, ki te motuhia rānei e ngā rohe o te puna.
3. Ture Tapahi: He taitamariki ake ngā āhuatanga matawhenua e tapahi ana i tētahi paparanga toka i te paparanga i tapahia e rātou.
4. Mātāpono Whakauru: He tawhito ake ngā kongakonga toka kei roto i ētahi atu toka i ngā toka e mau ana i a rātou.
5. Te Mātāpono o te Whakapapa o ngā Kararehe: E whakaatu ana ngā kōiwi i roto i ngā paparanga i tētahi raupapatanga matapae o ngā rauropi e kitea ana i roto i tētahi wā.
Kohinga Raraunga Papawhenua
He maha ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te kohikohi raraunga papa whenua, mai i ngā tirotirohanga parae ki ngā hangarau matatau pēnei i te whakaahua amiorangi me te keri. Hei tāpiri, he mea nui anō hoki te whakamahi i ngā rākau keri me te tātari rū whenua hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā momo toka:
– Mahere Papa: Te tautuhi me te ine i te paparanga whenua i tētahi wāhi ā-tinana motuhake.
– Te keri: Te whakamahi i ngā tauira toka mai i raro i te mata hei tātaritanga atu.
– Tātaritanga Kōhatu Parauri: Te whakamahi i ngā kōhatu parauri hei tohu i te pakeketanga me te taiao i hangaia ai.
– Whakaahua Rūwhenua: Ka whakamahi i ngā ngaru oro hei hanga i tētahi whakaahua o ngā paparanga o raro whenua.
Whakamāramatanga Stratigraphic
Ko te whakamārama i ngā raraunga paparanga whenua me mātau koe ki te matawhenua, te matū whenua, me ngā taiao whakatakoto whenua. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga whakamārama e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
1. Hononga Papawhenua: Te hono i ngā paparanga, i ngā raupapatanga rānei o ngā paparanga e kitea ana i roto i tētahi rohe whenua whānui. He maha ngā wā ka mahia tēnei mā te tautuhi i ngā moenga tohu, ngā paparanga toka e mōhiotia ana, ngā parapara rānei ka taea te whai mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi atu.
2. Tātaritanga Mata: Te tautuhi i ngā panonitanga o te hanganga toka me ngā hanganga parataiao hei whakamārama i te taiao whakatakotoranga o tētahi paparanga. He mea whai hua ēnei mōhiohio hei mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te whakatakotoranga awa, ngā moana pāpaku, ngā koraha rānei.
3. Te Whakatau Ine Irirangi: Te whakamahi i ngā isotope irirangi hei whakatau i te pakeke tuturu o tētahi toka. Mā tēnei tikanga ka nui ake ngā rā tika i te whakatau ine ine whanaunga, e herea ana e te raupapatanga paparanga whenua.
Ngā tono mō te paparanga
He whānuitia ngā tono o te rangahau stratigraphic i te ao tūturu, mai i te tūhuratanga ngā rauemi taiao ki te hangarau taiao me te rangahau huringa āhuarangi.
– Te Tūhuratanga Hinu me te Hau: Ka whakamahia te paparanga whenua hei tautuhi me te whakaahua i ngā puna waiwaro. Mā te mahere i ngā paparanga toka e nui ana i ngā kōiwi pararopi, ka taea e ngā tohunga whenua te tautuhi i ngā wāhi keri pea.
– Te Whaipara Tangata: He mea nui anō hoki te tātaritanga papatipu i roto i te whaipara tangata hei mārama ki te raupapatanga o ngā mahi a te tangata i tētahi rohe. Mā te keri i ngā paparanga o ngā wāhi whaipara tangata, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakatau i te raupapatanga ahurea me te whanaketanga o tētahi iwi.
– Paleoclimatology: Mā te ako i ngā paparanga toka ka taea te whakarato i ngā māramatanga ki ngā huringa āhuarangi o mua. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā papa hukapapa me ngā paru moana te whakaatu i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te pāmahana me te hanganga o te āhuarangi o te Ao i roto i ngā miriona tau.
– Te hangarau whenua: He mea nui ngā mōhiohio papa whenua mō ngā kaupapa hanga, pērā i ngā piriti, ngā whare teitei, me ngā tāke. Mā te mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga o te oneone me ngā paparanga toka i raro i te mata ka taea te hanga hangarau haumaru, whai hua hoki.
Ngā Wero i roto i ngā Akoranga Stratigraphic
Ahakoa ōna painga maha, he maha ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā rangahau stratigraphic:
– Ngā tikanga keri e hiahia ana ki ngā utu nui me ngā hangarau matatau.
– Te Uaua o ngā Hanganga Ā-Ao: He maha ngā wā ka whakararuraru ngā mahi tektonika i te raupapatanga tūturu o ngā paparanga toka mā te piko, te pakaru, te hiki rānei.
– Te Whakamārama Raraunga: Ko ngā raraunga paparanga whenua me whakamārama hōhonu mai i te tohunga. Mā ngā hapa whakamārama ka hua ake he whakatau hē mō te hītori matawhenua o tētahi rohe.
Whakamutunga
He mara pūtaiao te Stratigraphy e whai wāhi nui ana ki te mārama ki te hītori o Papatūānuku me ngā āhuatanga whenua e hanga ana i a ia. Mā ngā tikanga matatau me ngā tikanga whakamaoritanga hōhonu, ka huaki tēnei pūtaiao i tētahi matapihi kia kite tātou i ngā mea o mua, tae atu ki te matapae i ngā kaupapa o muri mai. I roto i te tūhuratanga me te torotoro haere... ngā rauemi taiaoAhakoa e whakamahia ana mō ngā rangahau whenua, mō ngā rangahau huringa āhuarangi, mō ngā tono hangarau rānei, kua kitea he uara pūtaiao tino nui te stratigraphy. Hei peka pūtaiao e whanake tonu ana, ka noho tonu te stratigraphy hei wāhanga nui o tā tātou rapunga ki te mārama ki te Ao me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki a ia.
