Te Mārama ki ngā Oasis me te Tikanga o tō rātou Hanganga
I waenganui i te whenua koraha, he rite ki te werawera, te iti o te ua, me te whānui o te onepu, o te toka rānei e ahua "korekore" ana i te ora, kotahi te āhuatanga whenua e tohu ana i te tumanako: ko ngā oasis. I roto i te hītori o te tangata, kua noho ngā oasis hei wāhi whakamutu, hei puna wai, hei pokapū ahuwhenua, tae atu ki ngā tūāpapa mō ngā nohoanga me ngā huarahi hokohoko. Kia mārama ai tātou he aha i puta ai ngā oasis i roto i ngā taiao maroke pēnei, me arotake tātou i ō rātou whakamāramatanga, ngā āhuatanga, me ngā tikanga whenua me te wai e āhei ai te wai ki te noho i roto i ngā koraha.
Te Whakamāramatanga o te Oasis
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te oasis he wāhi momona i roto i te koraha he puna wai kei reira—arā, he puna wai, he rerenga wai o raro whenua e tae atu ana ki te mata, he puna wai pumau rānei—e āhei ai ngā otaota ki te tupu me te tautoko i te oranga tangata me te kararehe. Ko ngā oasis he mea e kitea ana i te noho mai o ngā rākau (hei tauira, ngā nikau tāte), ngā rakau iti, me ētahi wā he pāmu iti ki te rahi e whakamahi nui ana i te wai.
I roto i te whenua, ka taea te kī he oasis he āhuatanga rerekē o te taiao i roto i te koraha: he wāhi, he wāhi rānei he nui ake te haumākū me te hua o ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi i te rohe e karapoti ana. Ehara i te mea he "roto" nui tonu ngā oasis e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā kiriata. He maha ngā oasis he māra me ngā kāinga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā puna wai whenua, ki ngā puna rānei e rere ana mō te whakamahinga o te whare me te ahuwhenua.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Oasis
Ka taea te tautuhi i ngā ūkui mā ngā āhuatanga matua e whai ake nei:
1. Te noho o tētahi puna wai pumau
Ka ahu mai pea ngā puna wai i ngā puna, i te turuturu o te wai whenua, i ngā awa e rere ana (ngā awa endorheic/kua kati), i ngā puna wai rānei e tata ana ki te mata.
2. He nui ake te kikī o ngā otaota i te rohe e karapoti ana
He maha ngā paparanga o ngā tipu i roto i ngā oasis: ko ngā rākau teitei (hei tauira, ko ngā nikau tāte) hei whakamarumaru, kei raro iho ko ngā rākau hua, ko ngā rakau iti rānei, ā, kei ngā paparanga o raro ko ngā hua kai.
3. He makuku ake te oneone, ā, he momona ake
Ahakoa e mōhiotia ana ngā koraha he oneone rawakore i roto i ngā mea rauropi, ka nui ake te hua o ngā oneone oasis nā te wai me te mahi koiora, tae atu ki te paru iti e haria ana e te wai.
4. Hei pokapū mō ngā mahi a te tangata
He maha ngā waiariki i whanake hei kāinga, hei tāone iti rānei nā te mea he wāhi kawe waka, hokohoko, me te whakaputa kai.
Te Tikanga o te Hanganga o te Oasis
Ko te hanganga o ngā oasis he mea nui ki te hononga o ngā puna wai (wai) me ngā āhuatanga whenua e taea ai te penapena, te tuku rānei i te wai ki te mata. Anei ētahi o ngā tikanga matua e whakamārama ana i te hanganga oasis.
1. Te Puna Oasis
Ko tētahi o ngā tikanga tino rongonui ko te oasis i hangaia mai i tētahi puna. Ka puta te puna ina kitea e te wai whenua i roto i te puna wai he putanga ki te mata. Ka puta tēnei nā te mea:
– Ngā rerekētanga teitei: ka rere te wai whenua mai i ngā wāhi teitei ake ki ngā wāhi iti iho. Mēnā ka tūtaki te ara rere ki te mata o te whenua, ka puta he puna.
– Te tūtakitanga o ngā paparanga uruhanga me ngā paparanga kore uruhanga: ka rere te wai mā roto i tētahi paparanga toka pūwero (uruhanga), kātahi ka puritia e tētahi paparanga kore uruhanga pērā i te uku, i ētahi toka rānei. I tētahi wāhi, ka taea te pana i te wai ki waho.
– Ngā kapiti me ngā hapa: ko ngā hanganga whenua pēnei i ngā hapa he ara mō te wai whenua ki te tae atu ki te mata.
He nui ake te pumau o te puna wai o tēnei momo oasis, inā koa he nui te rohe hopu wai, ā, he nui hoki te ua i ētahi atu wāhi (hei tauira, ngā maunga e tawhiti atu ana i te koraha).
2. Ōasis i runga i te wai whenua (Ōasis wai whenua)
Kāore i te katoa o ngā oasis he puna wai e rere ana i te taiao. He maha ngā oasis ka puta mai i ngā puna wai papaku—ngā paparanga o raro i te whenua e pupuri ana i te wai—e tata ana ki te mata kia taea ai te uru atu mā roto i ngā puna. Ko ngā tikanga e whai wāhi ana ko:
– Te kohikohinga o te wai ua mai i ngā wā o mua (wai parahanga): I ētahi koraha nui, kei reira te wai whenua "tawhito" i hangaia i te wā i makuku ake ai te āhuarangi i ngā wā o mua. Kua roa tēnei wai e rongoatia ana i roto i ngā puna wai hohonu.
– Te rere taha mai i ngā wāhi makuku: ka taea e te wai whenua te rere āta mai i ngā wāhi makuku ki ngā koraha, inā koa mēnā he pikinga pēhanga, ā, he ara toka pai hoki.
– Ngā puna waipara: Ka taea e ngā putunga o te onepu, te kirikiri, me te toka waipara i roto i te puna te hanga i ngā puna wai nui. Mena he teitei, he iti rānei te papa wai, ka taea e te rohe i runga ake nei te huri hei oasis.
I roto i tēnei momo ōhau, he mahi nui tā te tangata mā te hanganga o ngā puna, ngā pūnaha whakamakuku, me te whakahaere wai kia hua tonu ai te ōhau.
3. He wāhi waiariki i hangaia e te awa e whiti ana i te koraha (Awa Oasis)
Ka taea hoki e ngā awaawa te hanga i te taha o ngā awa e rere ana i roto i ngā koraha. Ahakoa i ngā wāhi koraha tino maroke , ka taea tonu e ngā awa te noho mena kei ngā āhuarangi makuku te pūtake o aua awa, pērā i ngā maunga, i ngā whenua teitei rānei. Ko te tikanga tēnei:
– Ka haria te wai e ngā awa mai i ngā wāhi mākū o runga: nā tēnei āhuatanga ka hangaia he ara matomato i te taha o te rere o te awa.
– Te waipuke me te whakatōtō: ka waiho pea e ngā waipuke ā-wā he paru momona ki ngā mania waipuke, ka hanga he whenua ahuwhenua whai hua.
– Ka whakakīia ngā puna wai o te tahataha e te mimiti wai: ka mimiti te wai o te awa, ka whakapiki i te taumata o te wai whenua e rere ana i te taha o tōna awa, kia māmā ai te hanga puna.
Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te rohe ahuwhenua i roto i te awaawa e whiti ana i tētahi wāhi maroke, he rite tonu te mahi ki tētahi ākau nui nā te mea he pokapū ora i waenganui i te wāhi pakoko.
4. Te Oasis mai i te Pōuri, i te Takurua rānei (Te Oasis Pōuri)
Ka puta ētahi oasis i roto i ngā rua whenua, arā, he wāhi iti iho i ō rātou taiao. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā rua whenua te "kohi" wai mai i ēnei e whai ake nei:
– Te rere o te mata i ngā wā ua onge: ahakoa onge, ka taea e ngā ua nui i te koraha te whakaoho i ngā rerenga wā poto ka kukū ki roto i ngā peihana.
– Te turuturu o te wai whenua: ka piki ake te wai (te pupū ake) i ngā wāhi papaku nā te pēhanga o te wai whenua.
– Ngā roto rangitahi, ngā roto tote rānei: i ētahi rua, ka waiho te tote e te wai mimiti; ki te mea he nui tonu te wai māori i ētahi wāhi, ka ora tonu ngā tipu, ka hanga i ngā oasis ā-rohe.
Heoi anō, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia tēnei momo wāhi oasis e te raruraru o te tote (te pikinga o ngā taumata tote) nā te mea ka taea e te mimiti nui te whakaemi i te tote ki roto i te oneone.
5. Te Tūranga o ngā Hanganga Ā-Ao: Ngā Kōpuku, Ngā Hapa, me ngā Papa Ārai-Wai
Ko ngā hanganga whenua te mea nui hei whakatau mēnā ka taea te penapena, te tuku rānei i te wai. Ko ētahi āhuatanga e tautoko ana i ngā oasis ko:
– He paparanga toka pūwero kei runga ake i te paparanga ā-roto: ka taea te "mau" i te wai hei hanga i tētahi puna wai.
– Ngā hapa hei ara wai: ka taea e ngā hapa te whakateretere i te nekehanga o te wai whenua ki te mata, ka puta ai ngā puna.
– Ngā ātikīni me ngā ātikīni (ngā takai): ka taea e ngā takai toka te hanga i ngā mahanga wai whenua, ka pā ki te taunga o ngā puna me ngā puna.
Ara, ahakoa te āhua ōrite o te koraha, kei raro i te mata he "mahere" uaua o ngā toka me te wai—ā, ka puta ngā oasis i ngā wāhi e āhei ai te whenua ki te kitea te wai.
Ngā Take e Whakatau ana i te Oranga Tonu o ngā Oasis
Kāore te hanganga o tētahi ōhau e whakamana tonu i tōna oranga tonutanga. Ka pāngia te pumau o tētahi ōhau e:
– Taurite i waenga i te utu me te tango wai
Ki te tere rawa te tangohia o te wai whenua (ngā puna nui rawa), ka heke te takotoranga wai whenua, ā, ka maroke te oasis.
– Te huringa āhuarangi me te rerekētanga o te ua
Ka whakaitihia te puna wai e ngā rohe hopu wai ka maroke haere.
– Te whakatōtika i te oneone
Ki te kore e pai te rerenga wai, ka tau te tote ki te whenua, ka iti ake te hua.
– Te whakahaere whakamahinga whenua
Ka taea e te tango kore whakahaere o ngā tipu tiaki me te whakawhānui ahuwhenua te whakararuraru i te taurite o te pūnaha rauropi o te oasis.
Te Katinga
Ko te oasis he wāhi momona i te koraha e puta ake ana nā te wātea o te wai—ahakoa mai i ngā puna wai, i ngā awa papaku, i ngā rerenga awa , i ngā āhuatanga rānei o te takotoranga wai e taea ai te kohi wai. Ko te tikanga o te hanganga oasis he hua o te taunekeneke i waenga i te waiora (te nekehanga me te rokiroki wai) me te matawhenua (te hanganga me te momo toka). Haunga te mea he āhuatanga taiao whakamere, he nui te uara o ngā oasis ki te oranga o te tangata , nā te mea kei reira te wai, ngā tipu, me ngā mahi pāpori-ōhanga ka taea te ora i roto i ngā taiao tino kino. Mā te whakahaere whakaaro nui, ka taea tonu e ngā oasis te noho hei "motu ora" e tautoko ana i te ao tūroa i ngā wāhi koraha.
