Te Tikanga Hanganga o te Geyser e ai ki te Matawhenua
He āhuatanga taiao whakamīharo ngā waiariki i roto i te rangahau whenua ā-tinana, inā koa te āhua whenua me te whenua taiao. He rite rātou ki ngā "puna pahū," e ruaki ana i te wai wera me te mamaoa ki te rangi i ia wā. Heoi, ehara ngā waiariki i ngā puna wera noa iho. He tino onge tō rātou noho, me te hiahia kia whakakotahihia ngā āhuatanga whenua, wai, me te wera. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga o te hanganga o ngā waiariki mai i te tirohanga whenua: mai i ngā āhuatanga mō te hanganga, te tukanga whakamahana, te rere o te wai whenua, me ngā take ka taea e ngā waiariki te pahū i ia wā.
1. Te Whakamāramatanga o te Geyser i roto i te Matawhenua
I roto i te whenua ā-tinana, ko te geyser te puna wera e pupuhi ana i te wai me te mamaoa i ia wā nā te wera mai i ngā mahi waiariki i raro i te mata o te Ao. Ko ngā geyser he wāhanga o ngā whenua puia, e kitea whānuitia ana i ngā wāhi he nui te mahi magmatic, te geothermal rānei. He maha ngā wā ka puta ngā geyser me ētahi atu āhuatanga geothermal pērā i ngā puna wera, ngā fumarole (ngā putanga hau/mamao), ngā puna paru, me ngā papa sinter (ngā putunga silica/kōhatu kōhatu).
2. Ngā Āhuatanga mō te Hanganga o te Geyser
E ai ki ngā rangahau whenua me ngā rangahau whenua, ehara i te mea ko ngā rohe waiariki katoa e whakaputa ana i ngā geyser. Me tutuki ētahi whakaritenga matua:
1. Pūtake wera o raro i te mata
I te nuinga o te wā ka ahu mai i te magma, i ngā kōhatu wera rānei i mahue mai i ngā mahi a te puia. Ka mahi tēnei wera hei "ouma" e whakamahana ana i te wai whenua.
2. Te wātea o te wai whenua
Me āhei te wai ua, te wai mata rānei, ki te mimiti ki roto i te whenua (te whakaurunga), kātahi ka kohia ki te pūnaha o raro i te whenua.
3. Pūnaha awaawa raro whenua whaiti, matatini hoki
Me whai "paipa tūturu" ngā waiariki i te āhua o te kapiti toka, te pakaru, te kōhao rānei, he whaiti rawa kia ngāwari ai te hanga o te pēhanga. Mēnā he whānui rawa te paipa, ka rere tonu te wai wera pērā i te puna wera noa, kaua e pupuhi.
4. Ngā putunga toka taupoki, ngā putunga kohuke rānei kāore e taea te uru, e aukati ana i te rere o te wai
Ka āwhina tēnei paparanga ki te tu atu i te pēhanga. He maha ngā waiariki ka hangaia ki roto i te toka, kātahi ka "whakakahangia" e ngā putunga silica (sinter) e pani ana i ngā pakitara o te awaawa, ka piri ake, ka kore e uru ki roto.
5. Te hohonu me te pēhanga e tika ana
Ka hohonu ake te wai, ka nui ake te pēhanga. He mea nui tēnei pēhanga nā te mea ka pā ki te pāmahana koropupū o te wai.
Mā tēnei huinga o ngā āhuatanga ka kitea ngā waiariki i ētahi wāhi anake o te ao, hei tauira ko Yellowstone (Te Hononga o Amerika), ko Iceland, ko Aotearoa, ko Kamchatka rānei (Rūhia).
3. Te Tūranga o te Huringa Wai i roto i te Hanganga o ngā Geyser
Mai i te tirohanga ā-whenua, he hononga tata ngā geyser ki te huringa wai. Ko te wai e pupū ake ana i te geyser i te nuinga o te wā ka ahu mai i te ua (te ua, te hukarere rānei) e mimiti ana ki te whenua, ka neke mā roto i ngā pū me ngā pakaru o te toka, kātahi ka rongoatia hei wai whenua. Ka kiia tēnei tukanga ko te percolation.
Ina heke te wai whenua ki tētahi hohonutanga, ka uru atu ki tētahi rohe mahana ake nā te pikinga waiariki noa, nā te tata rānei ki te urunga mai o te magma i ngā rohe puia. Kātahi ka wera nui te wai. Nō reira, ka taea te mārama ko ngā geyser te "pito mata" o te pūnaha tohanga wai whenua wera o te Ao.
4. Tikanga Whakamahana me te Pēhanga: Te Kī
Ko te tikanga matua o te pahūtanga o te geyser ka puta mai i te taunekeneke o te wera, te wai, me te pēhanga i roto i te awaawa o raro whenua.
I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka koropupū te wai i te 100°C i te taumata o te moana. Heoi, i raro i te whenua, ka teitei ake te pēhanga nā te taumaha o te pou wai me ngā toka e takoto ana. Ka ara ake te pāmahana koropupū o te wai i tēnei pēhanga teitei. Ko te tikanga ka taea e te wai i te hohonutanga te eke ki te pāmahana neke atu i te 100°C engari kāore e koropupū nā te pēhanga.
I roto i te rūma o raro whenua o te geyser, ka whakamahana tonutia te wai. Kia neke ake te pāmahana o te wai i tētahi wāhi, ka tīmata te huri hei mamaoa. He nui ake te rōrahi o te mamaoa i te wai wai. Mā te pikinga tere o te rōrahi o te mamaoa ka piki ake te pēhanga i roto i te "paipa" o te geyser.
5. Ngā Wāhanga o te Pahūtanga o te Geyser
I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te whakamārama i te huringa pahūtanga o te geyser i roto i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei:
a. Wāhanga Whakahou Anō
I muri i te pahūtanga, ka "wāhanga te putanga o te waiariki," ka tino heke rānei te pēhanga. Kātahi ka hoki mai te wai whenua mā roto i ngā pakaru toka, ka whakakī i ngā rūma o raro whenua. Koinei te wā whakaora, te wā whakahou rānei.
b. Wāhanga Whakamahana
Ka heke te wai e whakakī ana i te awaawa ki raro, ka pā ki te toka wera. Ka puta ngātahi te kawe wera mai i te toka ki te wai, me te kawe wera ki runga o te wai wera. Heoi, nā te whaiti me te uaua o te awaawa, kāore te wai e rere noa; ka nui haere te pēhanga.
c. Te Whakaemi Mamao me te Wāhanga Pēhanga (Te Whakapūtanga Pēhanga)
I te haere tonu o te whakamahana, ka eke te wai i ngā wāhi hohonu ki ngā pāmahana tino tiketike. Ka tīmata ētahi ki te hanga i ngā mirumiru mamaoa. Kāore e ngāwari te puta o ēnei mirumiru nā te mea e puritia ana e te pou wai i runga ake i a rātou. Nō reira, ka piki ake te pēhanga mamaoa, pērā i te kohua kua kati.
d. Wāhanga Whakaoho
Ko te tikanga ka puta ngā pahūtanga ina tīmata te puea ake o te wai i runga, ka puta paku rānei, ka heke te pēhanga i roto i te pūnaha. Nā tēnei hekenga pēhanga iti ka puta te wai wera rawa i raro ki te taumata kohua iti iho, ka hua ake he kohua pahū (kohua tere). Ko te huringa tere mai i te wai ki te kohu ka puta he pahūtanga kaha.
e. Wāhanga Pahūtanga
Ka panaia te wai e te mamaoa ki runga mā roto i tētahi awaawa whaiti me te kaha nui, ka puta he pupuhi wai wera me te mamaoa ki te rangi. Ko te teitei o te pupuhi ka whakawhirinaki ki te pēhanga, te rahinga o te mamaoa, te āhua o te awaawa, me te puna wai.
f. Wāhanga Tukunga me te Whakamatao (Tukunga me te Whakamatao)
Kia tukuna te pēhanga, ka heke te pāmahana me te pēhanga i roto i te pūnaha. Ka tīmata anō ngā paipa ki te whakakī i te wai, ā, ka hoki anō te huringa ki te wāhanga whakakī.
Nā tēnei huringa te maha o ngā geyser e pupū ake ana i ia wā, i ia haora, i ia rā rānei, i runga anō i te āhua o te pūnaha.
6. Te Tūranga o ngā Hanganga Matawhenua me ngā Putunga Kohuke
E whakanui ana hoki te whenua ā-tinana i te hiranga o ngā hanganga whenua pēnei i ngā hapa, ngā pakaru, me ngā momo toka. He maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā putanga waiariki ki ngā rohe hapa e mahi ana hei ara mō te rere o te wai.
Hei tāpiritanga, he wāhi nui tā ngā putunga kohuke ki te "hanga" i ngā geyser i roto i te wā. He maha ngā geyser e kitea ana i roto i ngā taiao whai kiko o te silica. Ka whakarewahia e te wai wera te silica mai i te toka, ā, ina tae ki te matao, ka puta te silica hei sinter. Ka taea e tēnei putunga te whakarārangi i te awaawa, ka whaiti ake, ka kore e uru ki roto, ka taea ai te hanga pēhanga—he āhuatanga pai mō te geyser.
7. He aha i onge ai ngā geyser?
He nui ake te kitea o ngā puna wera i ngā geyser nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he pūnaha paipa whaiti me ngā tikanga pēhanga uaua. Mēnā he tuwhera rawa te paipa, ka taea e te mamaoa te puta mārire me te kore e nui te pēhanga, ka puta noa hei wai wera e rere ana, hei pūkahukahu rānei.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea e te waiariki te "mate" mēnā he iti noa te huringa o tōna pūnaha: ka hurihia te awa e te rū whenua, ka āraia katoatia e ngā putunga kohuke, ka heke rānei te puna wai whenua nā te huringa āhuarangi me te whakamahinga wai.
8. Ngā Waiariki hei Kaupapa Ako mō te Matawhenua Taiao
I roto i te whenua taiao, ka rangahauhia ngā geyser mō ō rātou pūmanawa ki te tūruhi whenua, te tiaki waiariki whenua, me ngā tūponotanga taiao. Ka taea e ngā rerenga wai wera rawa me te mamaoa te noho morearea mena kāore te rohe e whakahaeretia tika. Hei tāpiri, e whakaatu ana ngā geyser i te pūmanawa mō te pūngao waiariki whenua i roto i tētahi rohe, ahakoa me whai whakaaro te whakamahinga pūngao ki te pānga ki te pūnaha waiariki kia kore ai e whakararu i te pumau o ngā āhuatanga o ngā geyser.
Whakamutunga
E ai ki te whenua, ko te hanganga o ngā waiariki he hua o te taunekeneke matatini i waenga i te huringa wai (wai whenua), te mahi waiariki (ngā pūtake wera), ngā hanganga whenua (ngā pakaru me ngā awa whaiti), me te kaha o te pēhanga me te huringa āhua o te wai hei mamaoa. Ka pupuhi ngā waiariki i ia wā nā te mea he rite te mahi a te pūnaha ki te "kohua taiao": ka wera rawa te wai i te hohonutanga nā te pēhanga teitei, kātahi ka heke paku te pēhanga, ka puta te kohua pahū, ka panaia te wai me te mamaoa ki te mata. Ko te onge o ngā waiariki e whakanui ana ko tēnei āhuatanga ka puta noa ina tutuki tika ngā āhuatanga taiao katoa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i ngā tauira o ngā wāhi rongonui o ngā geyser me ō rātou āhuatanga pahūtanga, ka taea rānei e au te waihanga i tētahi putanga pūtaiao ake o te tuhinga me ngā kupu matawhenua whānui ake me tētahi rārangi pukapuka māmā.
