Ngā Tikanga Tātari Ā-Wāhi i roto i ngā Akoranga Matawhenua
He tūāpapa nui te tātari ā-wāhi i roto i ngā rangahau matawhenua nā te mea ka āwhina i te mārama ki te puta o ngā āhuatanga, te horapa, te hononga, me te huringa o te wāhi. Kāore i rite ki te tātari tatauranga "noa", e kore nei e aro ki te tūranga me te tata o ngā mea, ka whakanohohia e te tātari ā-wāhi te tauwāhi hei taurangi matua. Mā tēnei, ka taea e te matawhenua te whakamārama ehara i te mea ko ngā mea anake e tupu ana, engari ko te wāhi, te take, me te pehea e hono tahi ai ngā rohe. I tēnei wā e piki haere ana te nui o ngā raraunga matawhenua—mai i ngā whakaahua amiorangi, GPS, tatauranga, ki ngā pāpāho pāpori—kei te piki haere te hiranga o ngā tikanga tātari ā-wāhi mō te whakamahere tāone, te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino, te hauora tūmatanui, te tiaki taiao, me te maha atu o ngā mara.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Tūranga o te Tātaritanga Wāhi
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tātari ā-wāhi he huinga tikanga mō te tukatuka, te whakatauira, me te whakamārama i ngā raraunga e tohutorohia ana e te tauwāhi. Ka taea e ēnei raraunga te noho hei pūwāhi (hei tauira, te taunga o ngā whare hauora), ngā rārangi (ngā whatunga rori, awa rānei), ngā porowhita rānei (ngā rohe whakahaere, te whakamahinga whenua). Ka whakanuia e te tātari ā-wāhi ngā ariā o te taunga tino (ngā taunga) me te taunga whanaunga (te tata, te urunga atu, te hononga). Ko tōna mahi matua i roto i ngā rangahau whenua ko te tautuhi i ngā tauira (hei tauira, ngā taupū nohoanga kikī), te tirotiro i ngā whanaungatanga ā-wāhi (hei tauira, te whanaungatanga i waenga i te waipuke me te uhi whenua), me te tautoko i te whakatau kaupapa e hangai ana ki te rohe.
Ngā Momo Raraunga me ngā Wāhanga Tukatuka-Mua
I mua i te whakamahinga o tētahi tikanga, he mea nui te kounga o ngā raraunga. Ko te wāhanga tukatuka-mua ko: (1) te tohutoro whenua me te whakaaturanga mapi hei whakarite kei roto ngā raraunga katoa i tētahi pūnaha taunga ōrite, (2) te horoi raraunga (te tango i ngā tāruarua, te whakatika i ngā hapa āhuatanga), (3) te whakawhiti tauine me te taumira, inā koa mō ngā raraunga raster pēnei i ngā DEM (Digital Elevation Models) me ngā whakaahua amiorangi, me te (4) te whakakotahi i ngā raraunga mai i ngā pūtake maha. Ka taea e ngā hapa i tēnei wāhanga te arahi ki ngā whakamaoritanga hē, pēnei i te nekehanga iti o te tūranga o ētahi rau mita ka pā nui ki te tātari mōrearea āwhati, ki te urunga ratonga rānei.
Tikanga Tātari Tauira Wāhi
Ko te tikanga tuatahi e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te tātari tauira tohatoha. Ko te whāinga he whakatau mena kei te tohatoha matapōkeretia ngā mea, kei te whakarōpūhia, kei te ōrite rānei. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
1. Tātaritanga o te Hoa Tata (NNA)
Te ine i te tawhiti toharite i waenga i ngā pūwāhi tata hei aromatawai i te nui o te whakarōpūtanga. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te NNA hei aromatawai mēnā ko te tohatoha o ngā mākete iti i roto i te tāone e ahu whakamua ana ki te whakarōpū i ngā ara matua.
2. Tatautanga Kiato Kernel (KDE)
Te waihanga i tētahi mahere "kiato" mai i ngā raraunga pūwāhi, ka hua ake he mata tonu e whakaatu ana i ngā wāhi wera. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga hei tātari i te hara, i ngā aituā waka, i te tohatoha rānei o ngā take mate.
3. Te I a Moran me te C a Geary (Te Hononga-ā-Wāhi)
Hei whakamātautau mēnā he hononga ngā uara āhuatanga o tētahi wāhi ki ērā o ōna hoa tata. Hei tauira, mēnā ko ngā rohe rawakore nui te nuinga o te wā he hoa tata ki ētahi atu rohe rawakore. He mea nui ngā hua hononga-ā-roto hei mārama ki te "pānga o te rohe tata" i roto i te whenua pāpori-ōhanga.
Tātari Whatunga
He maha ngā āhuatanga whenua e whakahaerehia ana mā roto i ngā whatunga: ngā rori, ngā rēriwe, ngā awa, ngā raina tohatoha ratonga rānei. Ka aromatawaihia e te tātari whatunga te hononga me te whai huatanga o te nekehanga, hei tauira:
– Te ara poto rawa hei whakatau i te ara tere/poto rawa atu i tētahi pūwāhi ki tētahi atu.
– Te rohe ratonga hei mahere i te kapinga ratonga (hei tauira, he rohe haere 10–15 meneti ki te hōhipera, ki te kura rānei).
– Te tohatoha tauwāhi hei whakatau i te tauwāhi tino pai mō ngā whare hei whakatutuki i te ratonga tino whai hua ki te taupori.
I roto i te whakamahere ā-rohe, ka āwhina te tikanga whatunga ki te whakautu i ngā pātai whai hua: kei te ōrite te tohatoha o ngā whare tūmatanui, ko ēhea ngā wāhi kei te "kore tonu he ratonga," me te pānga o te hanganga rori hou ki te urunga atu.
Paparua me te Tātari Paearu Maha
Ko tētahi o ngā kaha o te GIS (Geographic Information Systems) ko tōna kaha ki te whakakikorua i ngā paparanga raraunga maha. Mai i ēnei whakakikorua, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te aromatawai i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā taurangi, pēnei i ngā huinga o te pari, te momo oneone, te ua, me te uhi whenua, hei mahere i te āheinga ki te horo whenua.
He maha ngā wā ka whanake ngā paparua hei Tātari Whakatau Paearu Maha (MCDA), e uru ana ki te taumaha i ngā take o tētahi āhuatanga. Ko ētahi tauira o tēnei tono ko te whakatau i te wāhi pai mō tētahi whenua ururua, he rohe tiaki, he rohe whakatipu ngahere matua rānei. Ko te taumahatanga he tikanga pēnei i te Tukanga Hierarki Tātari (AHP), kia mārama ake ai te aromatawai.
Tātaritanga Raster: Te Whakatauira Mata me te Taiao
He pai ngā raraunga Raster mō ngā āhuatanga tonu, pērā i te teitei, te pāmahana, te ua, ngā tohu tipu rānei. Ko ngā tikanga tātari Raster ko:
– Te Whakapānga (IDW, Kriging) hei whakatau tata i ngā uara i ngā wāhi kāore i inehia, hei tauira, te hanga i tētahi mahere ua mai i ngā pūwāhi teihana.
– Te tātaritanga o te pari me te taha pari mai i te DEM mō ngā rangahau matawhenua me te wai.
– Te tawhiti utu hei tatau i te "utu" o te nekehanga kore-ōrite, hei tauira, te whakawātea i ngā āhuatanga ohorere e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā pari, ngā arai awa, me te taupoki whenua.
He mea nui anō hoki te tātari raster i roto i te whakatauira i ngā huringa uhi whenua me te kimi ngahere e hangai ana ki ngā whakaahua amiorangi.
Ngā Tatauranga Wāhi Matatau me te Whakatauira
I roto i ngā rangahau whenua o ēnei rā, he nui ake te tātari ā-wāhi i te mahere, ā, ka horapa atu ki te whakatauira whakatauira. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Te tātari i ngā wāhi wera (Getis-Ord Gi\) hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi he nui/he iti te hiranga o ngā uara.
– Te whakatauira ā-wāhi (Tauira Whakaroa Ā-Wāhi, Tauira Hapa Ā-Wāhi) hei aro atu ki ngā takahi i te whakaaro motuhake nā te hononga ā-wāhi. He mea nui tēnei, hei tauira, i roto i ngā rangahau mō ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā utu whenua, ngā taumata mate rānei.
– Mā te Whakataurite Taumaha Whenua (GWR) ka taea te hanga hononga rerekē i waenga i ngā taurangi puta noa i ngā wāhi. I roto i te horopaki whenua, he mea tūturu tēnei, nā te mea ka taea e tētahi āhuatanga te whai awe kaha ki tētahi rohe engari ka ngoikore ki tētahi atu.
Mā te whakamahi i tēnei whakatauira, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakamātautau i ngā whakapae me te whakaputa i ngā mahere tauwehenga e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga o te awe o ngā āhuatanga ā-whenua.
Whakamana, Whakamārama, me ngā Tikanga Matatika
Me whakamana ngā hua o te tātari ā-wāhi, mā roto i ngā raraunga parae, ngā raraunga whakatairite, ngā whakamātautau tatauranga rānei. He mea nui te whakamana kia kore ai te mapi e "ataahua" anake engari kia tika, kia pono hoki. Hei tāpiri, me whai whakaaro te whakamaoritanga ki te whānuitanga o te tātari, te kounga o ngā raraunga, me te horopaki pāpori-ahurea o te rohe.
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o ngā āhuatanga matatika, inā koa ka whakamahia ngā raraunga tairongo pēnei i te tauwāhi takitahi, ngā pūkete hauora, ngā raraunga nekenekehanga rānei. Me whakatinana ngā mahi huna ingoa, te whakakotahitanga rohe, me te haumarutanga raraunga hei ārai i ngā takahi tūmataitinga me te whakamahi hē i ngā mōhiohio.
Te Katinga
Mā ngā tikanga tātari ā-wāhi i roto i ngā rangahau matawhenua ka taea te mārama ki ngā tauira, ngā tukanga, me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā āhuatanga o te ao. Mai i te tātari tauira tohatoha, ngā whatunga, ngā paparanga maha-paearu, te tātari raster, ki te whakatauira tatauranga ā-wāhi matatau, ka āwhina ēnei tikanga ki te whakautu i ngā pātai matawhenua kia mārama ake, kia ahu mai hoki i ngā taunakitanga. Mā te tautoko a te GIS me ngā raraunga ā-wāhi hou, ehara i te mea he mea nui te tātari ā-wāhi mō te rangahau mātauranga anake, engari he mea rautaki hoki mō ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui me te whanaketanga tauwhiro. Ko te wero kia whakarite kia kounga ngā raraunga, kia tika ngā tikanga, kia āta whakamāramahia kia tino whai hua ai ngā hua ki te hapori me te taiao.
