# Te Hanganga o ngā Maunga: Ngā Tukanga Ā-Ao Whakamiharo
Ko ngā maunga tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino ataahua o te whenua o te Ao, e kukume ana i te aro o te hunga katoa e kite ana. Ehara i te mea he tirohanga ataahua noa iho ngā maunga, engari he mahi nui anō hoki tā rātou ki te pūnaha rauropi o te Ao. Heoi, kua ruku hohonu ake tātou kia mārama ai ki te hanganga o ēnei maunga? Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tukanga matawhenua uaua, whakamīharo hoki i muri i te hanganga o ngā maunga.
## Whakamāramatanga o te Maunga
I mua i te kōrero mō te tukanga hanganga o ngā maunga, he mea nui kia tautuhia he aha te maunga. Ko te maunga he āhua whenua e tū ake ana i runga ake i te rohe e karapoti ana, ā, he maha ngā wā he tihi motuhake atu i te puke. Ka puta pea ngā maunga hei wāhanga o te pae maunga, hei maunga takitahi rānei. He āhuatanga motuhake o ia maunga, o ia maunga, i runga i tōna tauwāhi whenua me tōna hītori hanganga.
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te māramatanga ki te tukanga hanganga maunga mai i te Ariā o ngā Tektonika Pereti . E kī ana tēnei ariā ko te kiri o te Ao he maha ngā pereti nui e neke haere tonu ana i runga i te papa wai o te Ao. Ka taea e ēnei pereti te tukinga, te neke wehe, te paheke rānei tetahi i tetahi, ā, ko tēnei taunekeneke i waenganui i a rātou e whakaoho ana i te hanganga o ngā āhuatanga whenua maha, tae atu ki ngā maunga.
### 1. Tukinga Pereti
Ko te nuinga o te wā ka puta ngā maunga i ngā rohe e tūtaki ana, arā, ko te wāhi e tukinga ai ngā pereti tektonika e rua . He maha ngā momo tukinga pereti ka hua ake ai te hanganga o ngā maunga:
#### a. Te Tukinga o ngā Pereti Whenua ki ngā Pereti Whenua
Ina tukinga ngā pereti whenua e rua, kāore e taea e te kiri mārō o te Ao te totohu ki roto i te papa. Engari, ka piko, ka pakaru, ka pana ki runga, ka hanga he pae maunga. Ko te tauira rongonui o tēnei tukanga ko ngā Himalayas. I hangaia ēnei maunga e te tukinga o ngā pereti o Īnia me Ūrāhia, i tīmata i te 50 miriona tau ki muri, ā, kei te haere tonu ki tēnei rā.
#### b. Te Tukinga o ngā Pereti Whenua-nui ki ngā Pereti Moana-nui-a-Kiwa
I ngā rohe toremi, te wāhi e ruku ana tētahi pereti moana taumaha ki raro i tētahi pereti whenua māmā ake, ka totohu ngā rauemi mai i te pereti moana ki roto i te papa o te Ao, ka rewa. Ka taea e tēnei rewa te whakaputa i ngā mahi puia kaha me te hanganga o ngā puia i te taha o te pereti whenua. Ko ngā Maunga Andes i Amerika ki te Tonga he tauira o tētahi rohe toremi i hangaia e te Pereti Nazca e toremi ana ki raro i te Pereti o Amerika ki te Tonga.
### 2. Ngā Mahi Puia
He maha ngā maunga o te ao he puia, i hangaia hei hua o ngā mahi puia. He rerekē ki ngā maunga i puta mai i ngā tukinga pereti, e hangaia ana mā roto i ngā tukanga tectonic me te kore he mana nui o te magma, ka hangaia ngā puia ina piki ake te magma mai i te hohonu o te papa o te Ao ki te mata mā roto i ngā kapiti o te kirinuku.
#### a. Stratovoicano
Ko tēnei momo puia, e mōhiotia ana ko te puia whakakotahi, he mea hanga mai i ngā paparanga rangitoto me te pungarehu kua pahū, kua tau hoki. He teitei, he kōniko te āhua o ngā puia Strato, ā, kei roto i ngā puia tino pahū. Ko ngā tauira o ngā puia Strato ko Maunga Fuji i Hapani me Maunga St. Helens i Te Hononga o Amerika.
#### b. Puia Ārai
Ka hangaia ngā puia ārai e ngā rerenga rangitoto tino wai e horapa ana ki tētahi wāhi whānui i mua i te whakamatao. He ngawari ngā pari o ēnei puia, ā, he papatahi ake i ngā puia papatahi. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā puia ārai ko Maunga Mauna Loa me Maunga Kilauea i Hawai'i.
### 3. Te Waihanga o te Maunga Kōpiko
Ko tētahi atu momo hanganga maunga whakamere ko te maunga takai. Ka hangaia ēnei maunga e te whakaheke me te takai o ngā paparanga toka nā te kaha pēhi taha. He maha ngā wā ka puta tēnei tukanga takai i ngā rohe e tukinga ai ngā pereti whenua, ā, ka takai te kirinuku pērā i te pepa e panaia ana mai i ngā taha. Ko ngā Āpero o Ūropi he tauira matarohia o te maunga takai.
## Ngā Take Tautoko me Ētahi Atu Tukanga
Haunga ngā taunekeneke o ngā pereti tektonika, he maha atu anō ngā āhuatanga me ngā tukanga e whai wāhi ana ki te hanganga o ngā maunga. Hei tauira, he mea nui anō hoki te horo me te whakatakotoranga ki te hanga me te whakarerekē i ngā whenua maunga i roto i ngā miriona tau. Ka taea e te hau, te wai, te hukapapa, me ngā mahi koiora te whakangaro i ngā toka maunga me te hanga anō i aua āhua.
### 1. Ngā Mahi Horoi
Ka taea e te wai ua, ngā awa, me ngā mahi hukapapa te whakangaro i ētahi wāhanga o ngā maunga, ā, ka kawe i ngā rauemi ki ētahi atu wāhi, ka hangaia he awaawa me ētahi atu āhuatanga whenua. He tino puhoi te puta o ēnei tukanga, engari he nui te pānga ki a rātou katoa.
### 2. Ngā Mahi Ru
Ka taea e ngā rū whenua maha i ngā wāhi puia, i ngā rohe pereti tektonika rānei te whai wāhi ki ngā huringa o te hanganga o te maunga. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki e ngā rū whenua te whakaoho i ngā horo whenua ka whakarerekē i te āhua o te mata o te maunga.
### 3. Te Mahi Koiora
He wāhi anō tā ngā tipu me ētahi atu rauropi ki te hanganga me te huringa o ngā maunga. Ka taea e ngā pakiaka tipu te wawahi i ngā toka me te whakateretere i te huarere, engari ka taea e ētahi tipu te here i te oneone me te aukati i te horo haere .
## Whakamutunga
Ko ngā maunga he hua o ngā tukanga whenua matatini kua puta i roto i ngā miriona tau. Ko te taunekeneke o ngā pereti tektonika, te mahi puia, te horo, me ētahi atu āhuatanga katoa e whai wāhi ana ki te hanganga o ēnei āhuatanga whenua ataahua. I roto i te wā, ka tipu haere tonu ngā maunga, ka huri haere, e whakaata ana i ngā hihiri o te taiao o te Ao e kaha tonu ana, e huri haere tonu ana.
Mā te mārama ki ngā tukanga o te hanganga o ngā maunga, ehara i te mea ka maioha noa tātou ki te ataahua o te taiao engari ka kite hoki i te tirohanga whānui o te mahi a tō tātou Ao. He kōrero roa tā ia maunga mō ngā mahi tektonika, te puia, me ngā kaha taiao i hanga i tēnei ao, e homai ana ki a tātou he tirohanga hohonu ake ki te ora i runga i te Ao.
