Te Hononga i waenga i ngā Puia me ngā Tektonika Pereti
Ko ngā puia tētahi o ngā āhuatanga taiao tino whakamiharo o te Ao. Ka taea e ō rātou pahūtanga te hanga whenua hou, te whakarei ake i te oneone, tae atu ki te whakararu i ngā āhuatanga kino. Engari kāore ngā puia e puta noa mai. Ki te maherehia ngā wāhi o ngā puia hohe o te ao, ka puta he tauira mārama: he maha o rātou e takoto ana i ngā rohe pereti tectonic. Ehara tēnei whanaungatanga i te mea tūpono noa, engari he hua tika mai i te huarahi e tukuna ai e te Ao tōna wera o roto mā te nekehanga pereti me te hanganga magma.
Te mārama ki ngā pereti tektonika me te hanganga o Papatūānuku
He maha ngā paparanga o te Ao. Ko te mea o waho ko te papa angiangi, kei raro iho ko te mantle, kātahi ko te uho o waho me te uho o roto. Ko te paparanga me te wāhanga o runga o te mantle te hanga i te lithosphere pakari. Ehara tēnei lithosphere i te mea totoka, engari he pakaru ki ngā "papa" nunui e kiia nei ko ngā pereti tectonic. Ka neke pōturi ēnei pereti i runga i tētahi paparanga kirihou (te asthenosphere) i te tere o ētahi henimita ia tau.
Ka puta te nekehanga o ngā pereti nā te mea ka puta ngā iahiko whakawhiti i roto i te papa whenua nā te wera o roto i te Ao. Ka piki ake ngā rauemi wera, ka whakamatao i te tihi, kātahi ka totohu anō ki raro. Ka "pana" me te "tō" ēnei iahiko i ngā pereti, ka puta he taunekeneke ki ngā rohe o ngā pereti: ka neke wehe (ka wehe), ka neke tata (ka huihui), ka paheke rānei tetahi ki tetahi (ka huri). Mā tēnei taunekeneke ka whakamāramahia he aha i noho pūmau ai te nuinga o ngā rū whenua me ngā puia ki ētahi wāhi.
Me pēhea te hanganga o ngā puia?
Ka puta ngā puia i te putanga ake o te magma—he toka wera rewa mai i raro i te mata—mā roto i ngā kapiti o te kirinuku. E toru ngā tikanga matua e taea ai te hanga i te magma:
1. Te rewa nā te iti o te pēhanga (te rewa o te whakahekenga pēhanga): ka puta ina piki ake te rauemi o te papa ki te mata, ā, ka heke te pēhanga, ka rewa ētahi.
2. Te rewa nā te tāpiri o te wai/ngā mea memeha (te rewa rere): ka puta ina tomo te wai me ētahi atu matū memeha ki roto i te papa kōhatu, ka whakaheke i te pae rewa o ngā toka kia māmā ake ai te rewa.
3. Te rewa nā te pikinga o te pāmahana (whakawhiti wera): ka puta ina werahia ngā toka e te magma wera kia rewa rā anō ētahi o aua toka.
He hononga tata ēnei tikanga e toru ki te momo rohe pereti tektonika e puta ana.
Ngā puia i ngā rohe rerekē: ina neke ngā pereti
Ko te rohe wehewehe he rohe e wehea ai ngā pereti e rua. Ko te tauira rongonui ko te pae waenga moana, pērā i te Pae Mid-Atlantic. Ina wehea ngā pereti, ka piki ake te koroka ki te whakakī i te āputa. I a ia e piki ake ana, ka heke te pēhanga, ka arahi ki te rewa ā-wāhanga (te rewa decompression). Ko te magma e hua mai ana he basaltic, he āhua wai, ā, ka hanga he kirinuku moana hou.
Ko ngā pahūtanga i ngā rohe rerekē he iti ake te pahūtanga i ērā i ngā rohe tōpana. He ngāwari ake te rere o te rangitoto papatahi, ā, he onge te pahūtanga kaha, ahakoa he morearea tonu, inā koa ka puta tata ki ngā kāinga noho (hei tauira, i Iceland, kei runga i te pae maunga waenga moana, ā, he wāhi wera).
Haunga ngā moana, ka taea hoki te puta he rohe wehewehe i runga i te whenua i roto i te ahua o ngā pakaru, hei tauira, te Pūnaha Puku o Āwherika ki te Rawhiti. Mēnā ka tipu tonu te pakaru, ka taea e te whenua te wehe, ka hanga he moana hou i runga i ngā tauine whenua.
Ngā puia i ngā rohe e tūhonohono ana: te rukuhanga hei wheketere magma
Ko te rohe whakapūmau he wāhi e neke haere ana ngā pereti e rua tetahi ki tetahi. Mēnā he matotoru ake, he mātao ake hoki tetahi pereti, ka heke te pāmahana ki raro i tetahi. Kei roto i ēnei rohe heke te wāhi e tū ai ngā puia tino kaha, tino morearea hoki o te ao.
I te totohu o ngā pereti moana ki roto i te papa o te moana, ka haria e rātou ngā kohuke me ngā paru kei roto he wai. I ētahi hohonutanga, ka tukuna te wai me ngā mea whakakorikori ki roto i te papa o runga. Mā te wai ka heke te pāmahana rewa o ngā toka papa o te moana, ka rewa te rere. Ko te magma ka puta he matotoru ake (he andesitic ki te rhyolitic) me te nui ake o te hau, ka nui ake ngā pahūtanga. Koinei te take he maha ngā puia i te taha o te Mowhiti Ahi o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa e pahū kino ana.
Ko Initonīhia tētahi tauira pai o tētahi rohe i hangaia e tēnei tukanga. Ko te Pereti Initonīhia-Ahitereiria e heke ana i raro i te Pereti Ūrāhia ka hanga i te pewa puia o Sumatra, Java, Bali, me Nusa Tenggara. Ki te rawhiti, ka uaua haere ngā taunekeneke pereti, ka uru atu te Pereti o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa me ngā pereti iti, ka hua ake he nui te mahi rū whenua me te mahi puia.
Haunga te totohu moana-whenua, kei reira anō te totohu moana-moana e hanga ana i ngā pewa moutere pērā i ērā i Hapani me ngā Philippines. I taua wā, ko ngā tukinga whenua-whenua (hei tauira, ko Īnia me Ūrāhia e hanga ana i ngā Himalayas) ka puta te nuinga o ngā maunga me ngā rū whenua, engari he iti noa ngā puia, nā te mea kāore he pereti moana e ngawari ana te totohu e kawe ana i te wai hei whakaoho i te rewa.
Rohe whakawhiti: he maha ngā rū whenua, he torutoru ngā puia
Ko ngā rohe whakawhiti he wāhi e paheke ana ngā pereti e rua tetahi ki tetahi. Ko tētahi tauira e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana ko te Hapa o San Andreas i California. I ēnei rohe, ka puta he rū whenua nā te waku me te hapa, engari i te nuinga o te wā kāore e hanga i ngā āhuatanga pai mō te hanganga magma, nō reira he onge noa iho ngā puia. Heoi, i ētahi wāhi, ka taea te hono atu ngā hapa whakawhiti ki ngā mahi puia mena kei te tata ki ētahi atu rohe pereti, ka puta rānei he kapiti e āwhina ana i te pupū ake o te magma.
Te Wāhi Wera: he puia kāore e whai tonu i te rohe pereti
Ahakoa he maha ngā puia kei ngā rohe o ngā pereti, he rerekētanga nui anō hoki: ko ngā wāhi wera. Ko ngā wāhi wera he wāhi e piki ake ai ngā rauemi wera mai i te koroka hei pupuhi, ā, ka rewa te lithosphere e taupoki ana. I te nekenga o ngā pereti i runga i ngā wāhi wera pumau, ka puta he mekameka roa, he rite ki te "ara" o ngā puia.
Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko ngā Moutere o Hawai'i. Kei runga ake i te wāhi wera ngā puia hohe, ko ngā moutere tawhito ia kei tawhiti atu nā te mea e rere ana i te taha o te Pereti o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Ka kitea anō hoki ngā wāhi wera i raro i ngā pereti whenua, pērā i a Yellowstone (Te Hononga o Amerika), he kaha ki te whakaputa i ngā pahūtanga nui ahakoa kāore i te rohe o te pereti.
Mā ngā wāhi wera ka āwhina i ngā kaipūtaiao ki te mārama ki te ahunga me te tere o te nekehanga o ngā pereti. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā tohu tawhito o ngā puia i te mekameka o ngā wāhi wera hei "rēkoata" o te nekehanga o ngā pereti i roto i ngā miriona tau.
He aha te hiranga o te mārama ki tēnei hononga?
Ehara i te mea he kaupapa mātauranga noa iho te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā puia me ngā nekehanga pereti, engari he pānga tika ki te haumaru me te whakamahere ā-rohe. Mā te mārama ki ngā momo rohe pereti, ka taea e ngā tohunga te matapae:
– Te momo pahūtanga ka puta (pupū, pahū rānei),
– Ngā tūponotanga matua (ngā rerenga rangitoto, ngā kapua wera, ngā lahar, ngā ua pungarehu),
– Ngā tauira horapa o ngā puia me te pūmanawa mō te putanga mai o ngā pokapū pahūtanga hou,
– Te whanaungatanga ki ngā rū whenua nā ngā nekehanga o ngā pereti whenua.
I ngā rohe pēnei i a Indonesia, he mea nui tēnei mōhiotanga mō te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino. Ko te mahere i ngā rohe ruku, te aroturuki i ngā mahi rū whenua, te whakarerekētanga o te whenua, me ngā hau puia he wāhanga katoa o te pūnaha whakatūpato wawe. Ka whai hua hoki ngā hapori i te mātauranga mō ngā āhuatanga kino, ā, ka taea e rātou te urupare tika ki te pikinga o ngā mahi puia.
Whakamutunga
He hononga tata ngā puia me ngā tektonika pereti nā te mea ka hangaia e te nekehanga pereti ngā āhuatanga e whakatairanga ana i te hanganga magma. I ngā rohe rerekē, ka puta te magma nā te iti o te pēhanga i te pikinga ake o te mantle. I ngā rohe honohono, inā koa ngā rohe toremi, ka puta te magma nā te mea ka whakaitihia e te wai me ngā mea whakakorikori te ira rewa o ngā toka, ka hua ake he puia pahū e hanga ana i ngā pewa puia. I tētahi atu taha, ka nui ake ngā rū whenua e puta mai ana i ngā rohe whakawhiti i ngā puia. Hei tāpiri, e whakaatu ana ngā wāhi wera ka taea hoki te puta ngā mahi puia i tawhiti atu i ngā rohe pereti.
Mā te mārama ki tēnei whanaungatanga ka āwhina i a tātou ki te whakamārama i te "mahere tūpono o te Ao," te whakamārama he aha i maha ai ngā puia i ētahi rohe, me te whakapakari i ngā mahi whakaiti i ngā aituā. Nō reira, ko te pūtaiao o te nekehanga pereti ehara i te mea ko te whakamārama noa i ngā whanaketanga o te aorangi engari he turanga nui hoki mō te tiaki i te oranga tangata i ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te puia.
