Sigmund Freud me te Psychoanalysis
Pendahuluan
Ko Sigmund Freud tētahi o ngā tino tangata nui o te hītori o te hinengaro me te tātaritanga hinengaro. I whānau mai i te 6 o Mei, 1856, i Freiberg, Moravia (ināianei ko Příbor, Czech Republic), he tohunga roro a Freud, ā, ko ia te kaiwhakaū o te tātaritanga hinengaro, he huarahi hou ki te mārama ki te hinengaro me te whanonga o te tangata. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te oranga o Freud, te whanaketanga o tana ariā, me te awe me te whakahē i te tātaritanga hinengaro.
Te Oranga me te Mātauranga o Freud
I whānau mai a Freud i roto i tētahi whānau Hūrai o te akomanga waenga. I ōna tau taiohi, ka neke tōna whānau ki Vienna, Austria, ki reira noho ai a Freud i te nuinga o tōna oranga. I mōhiotia a Freud he tauira tino mohio, i uru atu ia ki te Wāhanga Rongoā i Te Whare Wānanga o Vienna i te tau 1873, ā, i puta i te tau 1881 me tana tohu tākuta.
I muri i tana otinga i tana mātauranga hauora, i mahi a Freud i roto i ngā hōhipera maha i Vienna, inā koa te hōhipera whānui, ā, i reira i rongonui ai ia hei tohunga roro. Nā tana mahi ki ngā tūroro e pāngia ana e ngā mate io i piki ake ai tōna hiahia ki ngā takenga hinengaro o ngā mate tinana.
Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Hinengaro
Ko te tīmatanga o te tātaritanga hinengaro ka taea te whai i ngā tau tōmua o Freud hei rata. I whakapono a Freud he maha ngā mate hinengaro o āna tūroro i ahu mai i ngā pakanga me ngā whara i huna i roto i te hinengaro kore mohio. I pakaru tēnei ariā i te tirohanga tuku iho o taua wā, i whakanui i te pūtake ā-tinana o ngā mate hinengaro katoa.
I whakaurua a Freud ki te hipnosis e Jean-Martin Charcot rāua ko Josef Breuer, ā, nā rāua i whakamahi hei rongoā i te hysteria. Heoi, i te mutunga ka whakawhanakehia e Freud tana ake tikanga, he iti ake te wā e pau ana, ā, he whai hua ake: te hononga kore utu. Mā tēnei tikanga, ka kōrero noa ngā tūroro mō ngā mea katoa e puta ake ana ki ō rātou hinengaro, ā, ka taea e Freud te tautuhi i ngā tauira whakaaro kore mohio me ngā pakanga ā-roto.
Hanganga Tuakiri
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Freud ki te hinengaro ko tana ariā mō te hanganga o te tuakiri, e toru ngā wāhanga matua: Id, Ego, me Superego.
1. Id: Koinei te wāhanga taketake o te tuakiri tangata e mahi ana i runga i te kaupapa o te ahuareka. Mā te id tātou e akiaki ki te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia me ngā kare ā-roto taketake i taua wā tonu, me te kore e aro ki te mooni, ki te matatika rānei.
2. Ego: He takawaenga i waenga i te Id me te ao tūturu o waho. Ka mahi te ego i runga i te kaupapa o te ao tūturu, e whai ana kia ea ngā hiahia o te Id i roto i te huarahi pono, i runga anō hoki i ngā tikanga pāpori.
3. Superego: Kei roto ngā uara matatika me ngā uara matatika kua whakatōkia ki roto i ngā mātua me te hapori. E ngana ana te superego ki te pupuri i ngā paerewa matatika teitei, he maha ngā wā e rerekē ana ki ngā hiahia o te id.
E ai ki a Freud, ko te taupatupatu me te pakanga i waenganui i ēnei wāhanga e toru te pūtake o te nuinga o ngā whanonga tangata. He maha ngā wā ka puta tēnei pakanga i roto i te kore mōhio, ka hua ake ngā momo whakaaturanga hinengaro pērā i ngā moemoeā, ngā paheke o te arero, me ngā tohu neurotic.
Ngā Wāhanga Hinengaro-ā-Ira Tangata
I whakawhanakehia anō hoki e Freud tētahi ariā mō te whanaketanga hinengaro-ira tangata, i whakanuia ai he mea nui ngā wheako o te tamarikitanga ki te whanaketanga o te tuakiri me te whanonga o muri mai. I wehea e ia tēnei whanaketanga kia rima ngā wāhanga:
1. Wāhanga Waha (0-18 marama): Ko te waha te arotahi matua, ā, ka whiwhi i te makona mā roto i ngā mahi pēnei i te ngote me te ngau.
2. Wāhanga Whakaene (18 marama-3 tau): Te ngākau māhaki e pā ana ki te whakahaere me te tukunga o te whakaputanga tinana.
3. Wāhanga Phallic (3-6 tau): Ka mōhio ngā tamariki ki ō rātou ira tangata, ā, ka nui ake tō rātou hiahia ki te matua o te ira tangata kē (Oedipus/Electra complex).
4. Wāhanga Whakaroa (6 tau-pakeketanga): Ko te āhuatanga o tēnei wā ko te moe haere o ngā hiahia moepuku, me te aro nui ki te whanaketanga pāpori me te hinengaro.
5. Wāhanga Ira Tangata (te pakeketanga me tua atu): Ka whakaarahia anō te kaha moepuku, ka anga atu ki ngā whanaungatanga takatāpui.
I tautohe a Freud, ki te kore e whakatauhia pai ngā pakanga e puta ake ana i ia wāhanga, ka taea e te tangata te "mau" me te wheako i ngā mea ka pā ki tōna tuakiri ā muri ake nei.
Ngā Tikanga Whakaora Hinengaro
Ko te whāinga o te rongoā hinengaro-tātari he hura me te whakatau i ngā pakanga ā-roto me ngā whara e huna ana i roto i te hinengaro kore mohio. Ko ngā tikanga matua i whakamahia e Freud me āna akonga ko:
1. Te Hononga Koreutu: Ka tonoa ngā tūroro kia kōrero mō ngā mea katoa e puta ake ana ki te hinengaro. Mā tēnei tukanga, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakaora hinengaro te āwhina i ngā tūroro ki te tautuhi i ngā tauira whakaaro ngaro.
2. Tātari Moemoeā: I whakapono a Freud ko ngā moemoeā he kuwaha ki te hinengaro huna, ā, ka taea e ia te whakaatu i ngā hiahia me ngā pakanga huna.
3. Te Whakawhiti: Kei roto i tēnei ko te tuku i ngā kare ā-roto o te tūroro ki te kaiwhakaora hinengaro, he whakaata i ō rātou kare ā-roto ki ētahi atu tāngata nui o ō rātou ao. Mā te tukatuka i te whakawhiti, ka ngāwari ake te whakatau i ngā pakanga ā-roto.
Te Awe me te Whakahē
He hohonu te awe o Freud ki te hinengaro me ngā mara e pā ana. I awe āna ariā i te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki te tuakiri, te whanaketanga o te tamaiti, me te whakaora hinengaro. Ko ngā ariā pēnei i ngā tikanga tiaki, te pehi, me te kore mohio kua noho hei wāhanga nui o te hinengaro hou me te ahurea rongonui.
Heoi anō, he nui ngā whakahē i pā ki a Freud. I aro nui tēnei whakahē ki ētahi kaupapa matua:
1. Te Kore o ngā Taunakitanga Pūtaiao: He maha ngā ariā he uaua, he kore rānei e taea te whakamātautau pūtaiao.
2. Te Whaiaroaro: He tino whaiaroaro te tātari moemoeā me ngā tikanga hononga kore utu, ā, ka whakawhirinaki ngā putanga whakaora ki te whakamaoritanga a te kaiwhakaora.
3. Te Whakahāwea Ira Tangata: Ko ētahi o ngā ariā a Freud, inā koa ko ērā e pā ana ki te whanaketanga hinengaro-ira tangata, e kiia ana he whakahāwea ki ngā wāhine.
Whakamutunga
He tangata rongonui a Sigmund Freud i roto i te hītori o te hinengaro me te tātaritanga hinengaro. Ahakoa he tautohetohe āna ariā, he maha hoki ngā wā e tautohetia ana, kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i tōna pānga ki te āhua o tā tātou mārama ki te hinengaro tangata. Nā te tātaritanga hinengaro i whakatuwhera te kuaha ki tētahi huarahi hōhonu ake ki te hauora hinengaro me ngā mate hinengaro, ā, ahakoa te maha o ngā whakahē me ngā whakatikatika, kei te mau tonu, kei te tupu tonu ngā ariā taketake o ngā whakaaro o Freud tae noa ki tēnei rā. Ko tana māramatanga ki te Id, te Ego, me te Superego, me te hiranga o te whara o te tamarikitanga i roto i te whanaketanga o te tuakiri, he taonga tuku iho pumau o ngā mahi a Freud.
