Ko Sartre me te Ariā o te Ngakau Pōuri: Te Tūhura i te Paradox o te Herekoretanga i roto i te Oranga-ā-Iwi
Ko Jean-Paul Sartre tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro existentialist tino whai mana o te rautau 20. Nā āna mahi me ngā ariā i whakawhanakehia e ia i whakarerekē te tirohanga a tātou ki a tātou anō, ki te herekoretanga, ki te kawenga, me ngā whanaungatanga. Ko tētahi o ngā ariā matua o tana whakaaro ko te "pouri" (désespoir). I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou te ariā o te pouri i roto i te hinengaro o Sartre, ka mārama ki tōna whanaketanga, ā, ka tirohia tōna hiranga i roto i te horopaki o ēnei rā.
Sartre me te Oranga-ā-Iwi
He kura whakaaro nui te oranga tonutanga e aro nui ana ki te takitahi, te herekoretanga, me te kawenga whaiaro. I roto i ngā kaitōrangapū oranga tonutanga, e mōhiotia ana a Sartre mō ōna tirohanga whānui mō te herekoretanga o te tangata. E ai ki a Sartre, "ko te oranga i mua i te mauri," ko te tikanga ko te oranga o te tangata i te tuatahi, kātahi ka whakatau i a rātou anō mā roto i ngā mahi me ngā kōwhiringa.
Ki tā Sartre titiro, kāore he "āhua" tangata pumau, he mea nui rānei. E wātea ana ia tangata ki te tautuhi i a ia anō mā roto i ngā whakataunga e mahia ana e rātou. Ahakoa te āhua nei he mea whakaora tēnei herekoretanga, he kawenga taumaha kei roto. Ā, koinei te wāhi e uru ai te ariā o te ngakaukore ki te tirohanga whānui o te whakaaro o Sartre.
Te Mārama ki te Ngaronga o te Pōuri, e ai ki a Sartre
I roto i te horopaki a Sartre, ehara te ngakaukore i te kōrero mō ngā kare ā-roto o te pouri, o te ngakau pōuri rānei. Engari, he āhuatanga e puta ake ana i te mōhiotanga kāore e taea e tātou te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi mea i waho atu i a tātou anō. E whakaahua ana a Sartre i te ngakaukore ko te mōhiotanga kāore he taurangi a te ao mō ā tātou whiringa me ā tātou mahi.
"Ehara taua karanga o te ngakaukore i te karanga o te mutunga, engari ko te karanga o te tīmatanga."
– Jean-Paul Sartre
He urupare ā-taiao te ngakaukore ki te herekoretanga tino nui e pā ana ki te tangata. He koretake te āhua o ngā kōwhiringa katoa, ā, kāore he mea o waho (pērā i te Atua, i te ao tūroa, i te matatika whānui rānei) e taea te whakamana i te mutunga o ā tātou mahi. I tapaina tēnei e Sartre ko te "kuware matatika," arā, kāore he kaiārahi tino nui atu i a tātou anō i roto i te whakatau kaupapa.
Te Herekore me te Kawenga
Ko te tikanga, ko te ngakau pouri he kitenga hohonu o tō tātou herekoretanga. E tono ana a Sartre kia whakaae tātou he kī tonu tō tātou oranga i te koretake. Heoi, mai i taua koretake ka puta te herekoretanga. Ki a Sartre, i te whakaae ki te ngakau pouri, kei te mahi tātou i tētahi mahi whakamana. Kāore tātou e herea ana e ngā tumanako teka, e ngā whakapono whaiti rānei mō te ao.
Te Herekoretanga Tuturu
I a ia e whakamārama ana i te ariā o te ngakaukore, ka kōrero anō a Sartre mō tāna e kī nei ko te "herekore tūturu." Ko te herekore tūturu ko te mōhio katoa ki tō tātou ake herekoretanga me te whakaae ki te kawenga mō ā tātou mahi me te kore e whakawhirinaki ki ngā tumanakohanga o waho. Ina mōhio te tangata kāore he taurangi tūturu, he take rānei mō tētahi mahi, ka tūtaki rātou ki tētahi āhuatanga whakapohehe: ko te nui ake o tā rātou mōhio ki ēnei herenga, ko te nui ake o tō rātou herekoretanga ki te waihanga i tō rātou ake tikanga i te ao .
Ko tētahi tauira tūturu o tēnei ariā kei roto i te ao toi. Ka hangaia e te kaitoi tētahi mahi toi, kāore he taurangi ka whakaaetia, ka māramahia rānei. Heoi, i roto i te tukanga auaha, ka whiriwhiria e rātou te whakapuaki i tā rātou tirohanga me te kore e whakawhirinaki ki te mōhiotanga o waho. Waihoki, i roto i te oranga o ia rā, ko te hunga e mōhio ana, e awhi ana hoki i te ngakau pouri, ka taea te pono ake i roto i ā rātou whiringa, nā te mea kāore rātou e mauheretia e ngā tumanakohanga, e ngā tikanga rānei i whakatakotoria e ētahi atu, e te hapori rānei.
Te Ngakau Pōuri i roto i te Horopaki Hou
Ahakoa i tuhituhi a Sartre i waenganui o te rautau 20, kei te whai tikanga tonu te ariā o te ngakau pouri i ēnei rā. I waenganui i ngā whanaketanga hangarau, te ao whānui, me te huringa hapori tere, he maha ngā wā ka tūtaki te tangata o ēnei rā ki te koretake nui. Kei te noho tātou i roto i tētahi ao uaua me te tere o te huringa, ā, he tokomaha o tātou e noho pōuri ana, kāore he turanga pakari hei tūnga mō tātou.
Heoi, e akiaki ana a Sartre kia kaua tātou e hinga ki tēnei ngakau pouri. Engari ko te titiro ki te koretake hei arai, ka taea e tātou te awhi i a ia hei wāhanga nui o te ao. Mā te awhi i te koretake, ka taea e tātou te tango i te kawenga katoa mō ā tātou whiringa me te waihanga i tō tātou ake tikanga i roto i te ao.
Te Whakahē me ngā Wero
Ahakoa te kaha me te whakahihiko, kua whakahēngia hoki te ariā o Sartre mō te ngakaukore. E kī ana ētahi ko te herekoretanga tino nui e whakanuia ana e Sartre kāore e aro ki ngā āhuatanga o waho pērā i ngā āhuatanga pāpori, ōhanga, me ngā āhuatanga ahurea ka taea te awe i ngā kōwhiringa takitahi. He aha te tikanga o te herekoretanga mēnā kei te noho te tangata i roto i te āhuatanga e herea ana e te rawakore, e te tukino rānei?
E kī ana hoki ngā kairīti he āhua korekore te ngakau pouri o Sartre nā te mea kāore e aro ki te tūmanako, ki te tautoko ā-tinana rānei. Ki a rātou, ko te wairua herekore me te kawenga me te kore he turanga pakari ka arahi ki te koretake me te ahotea e kore e taea te karo.
Heoi, e kī ana ngā kaitautoko a Sartre, i roto tonu i te ngakau pouri me te whakaae katoa ki tō tātou herekoretanga ka kitea e tātou te mana pono ki te whakarerekē i te ao e karapoti nei i a tātou. I uru kaha a Sartre ki ngā mahi tōrangapū me te oranga pāpori, e whakaatu ana ko te whakaae ki te ngakau pouri kāore e tika kia arahi ki te rangimārie, ki te kore aro rānei, engari ka taea te whakaoho i te mahi me te maia ki te whawhai mō ngā huringa pai ake.
Te Katinga
He tirohanga hōhonu, whakaohooho hoki tā Jean-Paul Sartre ki te ao. Mā te ariā o te ngakaukore, ka wero ia i a tātou kia aro atu ki te mooni kāore he taurangi a te ao, ā, he hononga tata tō tātou herekoretanga ki ngā kawenga e amohia ana e tātou. Ahakoa he whakamataku, he whakamataku hoki tēnei ariā, mā te whakaae me te mārama ki tēnei, ka taea e tātou te kimi huarahi hou hei oranga i ō tātou ao me te pono me te whai tikanga.
Hei taonga tuku iho mō tana whakaaro, ka whakamahara mai a Sartre ki a tātou ko te ao he raupapa o ngā kōwhiringa hei mahi ahakoa kāore he taurangi, ā, i te aroaro o te koretake me te ngakau pouri, ka kitea e tātou te herekoretanga pono. I waenganui i te koretake o te ao hou, ka tono mai te ariā o Sartre mō te ngakau pouri ki a tātou kia houhia te rongo ki taua koretake me te awhi i te herekoretanga e mau ana i a ia, me ōna kawenga katoa e pā ana.
