Arotakenga Whai muri i te Hanganga o te Tangata
Ko te whakaaro tangata, hei tirohanga ao e whakanoho ana i te tangata ki waenganui o ngā mea katoa, kua awe i ngā kura whakaaro maha puta noa i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro me te ahurea. Heoi, i te putanga mai o te whakaaro whai muri i te hanganga, kua pāngia te whakaaro tangata e ngā wero nui. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā arotake whai muri i te hanganga o te whakaaro tangata, me te whakamārama me pēhea e tukuna ai e tēnei tirohanga he tirohanga hou ki te kaupapa tangata, te reo, me te tikanga.
Te Whakapono Tangata me tōna Tūranga i roto i te Rapunga Whakaaro
Ko te kaupapa tangata, i tupu nui i te wā o te Renaissance, i whakanoho i te tangata ki waenganui o ngā mea katoa, i runga i ngā uara matatika me ngā uara matauranga. Ko ngā tino tangata pērā i a Petrarch, Erasmus, me Montaigne he tauira o ngā kaitātari whakaaro i whakanui i te hiranga o te takitahi, te tangata, me te whakaaro nui o te tangata. I tutuki tēnei i te Wā Māramatanga, i whakanui i te whakaaro nui, te herekoretanga takitahi, me te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao. I runga i te tumanako kei te tangata he kaha mutunga kore ki te mārama me te whakahaere i te ao, i oati te kaupapa tangata i te herekoretanga me te ahunga whakamua whānui.
Heoi, i ngā whanaketanga o muri mai, ka tīmata te whakahē i tēnei tirohanga. Ko te kaupapa whai muri i te hanganga, he kaupapa rapunga whakaaro i puta mai i te haurua tuarua o te rautau 20, i whakahē i ngā ariā pumau me te ao whānui o te 'tangata'. Me ngā tino tangata pēnei i a Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, me Julia Kristeva, i tukuna e te kaupapa whai muri i te hanganga he arotake hohonu ki ngā whakaaro tangata.
Arotake i te Kaupapa i roto i te Humanism
Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē matua mō te pou-hanganga ko te ariā o te kaupapa i roto i te whakaaro tangata. He maha ngā wā ka whakaarohia e te whakaaro tangata he mea pumau, he mea motuhake, he mea whai whakaaro te kaupapa tangata. I roto i tēnei tirohanga, he tuakiri pumau tō te tangata takitahi, ā, ka taea e ia te mōhio me te whakahaere i te ao mā te whakaaro me te wheako.
E whakahē ana te kaupapa pou-hanganga i tēnei whakaaro. Hei tauira, i whakaatu a Michel Foucault ehara te kaupapa i te mea motuhake, pumau hoki, engari he hua o tētahi huinga uaua o ngā mana pāpori me ngā mana kōrero. E ai ki a Foucault, ko te kaupapa he mea hanga e ngā mahi o te mana me te mātauranga e mahi ana i roto i te hapori. Kāore e taea te wehe i te tuakiri takitahi mai i ngā whatunga o te mana me te mātauranga e hanga ana i a ia.
I roto i tana arotake i te logocentrism—te whakapono he pumau ngā tikanga o ngā kupu, ā, ka taea te kōrero tika ki te ao tūturu—e whakaatu ana a Jacques Derrida he pumau tonu te tikanga, ā, ka whakaroahia tonutia mā roto i tētahi tukanga e kīia nei e ia ko te "différance." Ki tā Derrida, kāore he uho pumau o te kaupapa nā te mea ka hangaia te tuakiri mā roto i te rerekētanga me te tawhiti mai i ētahi atu tuakiri.
Arotake i te Whakaaroaro me te Reo
E tino whakanuia ana e te kaupapa whakaaro tangata te whakaaro nui o te tangata hei huarahi matua ki te mārama me te whakahaere i te ao. Heoi, ka whakahē te kaupapa whai muri i te hanganga i tēnei whakaaro mā te whakaatu i te āhua o te whakaaro nui e hangaia ana mā roto i ngā momo reo me ngā kōrero.
E whakaatu ana a Julia Kristeva, me tana ariā mō te whakaiti, i te āhua o te panaia ki tahaki o ngā āhuatanga koretake me ngā āhuatanga kāore e whakaaetia o te wheako tangata kia mau tonu ai te kotahitanga pāpori me te pumau o ngā tuakiri takitahi. Ki a Kristeva, ehara i te mea he taputapu whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro noa te reo, engari he mara pakanga hoki e ki ana i te taupatupatu me te wehewehe.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ki tā Derrida, kāore e taea e te reo te tino mārama, te whakaata tika rānei i te whakaaro me te mooni. E mahi tonu ana mā roto i tētahi tākaro tohu kāore i oti. Nō reira, he tinihanga ngā ngana ki te whakatutuki i te mātauranga tuturu, i te tikanga pumau rānei. E wero ana anō tēnei i te whakapono tangata e taea ai te whakatutuki i te mātauranga me te pono mā te whakaaro nui o te tangata.
Te Wetewete i te Tuakiri me te Tikanga
Ko te wetewete, he tikanga rongonui i roto i te kaupapa whai muri i te hanganga i whakaurua mai e Derrida, e whai ana ki te whakaatu me pēhea te mau tonu o ngā whakahē me ngā kore pumau i roto i ngā tuhinga (me ngā momo kōrero katoa) e whakararuraru ana i ngā kereme mō te tikanga pumau me te tikanga kati. I roto i te horopaki o te arotake i te whakaaro tangata, e whakaatu ana te wetewete i te hanga o ngā tuakiri me ngā uara tangata, pērā i te herekoretanga me te tangata, i runga i ngā turanga wiri me te whakahē.
Mā te wetewete i ngā tuhinga tangata, e whakaatu ana a Derrida me pēhea te mau tonu o ngā here me te mana i roto i ngā ariā pēnei i te herekore me te ahunga whakamua. Hei tauira, ko te ariā o te herekore i roto i te tangata e kiia ana he mea whānui, engari e whakaatu ana te mooni o mua he maha ngā wā ka herea tēnei herekore e ngā āhuatanga pāpori, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū. I roto i te horopaki o te wetewete, ka kite tātou kāore i tino whānui, i kore rānei i te wātea ēnei uara tangata i te horopaki o te mana.
Arotake i te Ao Whānui me te Kotahitanga
Ko tētahi o ngā whakaaro matua o te whakaaro tangata ko ētahi uara, pērā i te herekore, te whakaaro whaitake, me te ahunga whakamua, e whai pānga whānui ana ki ngā tāngata katoa. Ka werohia tēnei tirohanga e te whakaaro i muri i te hanganga mā te whakaatu ko te ariā o te ao whānui he hanganga pāpori me te hītori e kore e aro ki te kanorau me te rerekētanga.
Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana a Foucault i roto i tana pukapuka "The Order of Things," he rerekē ngā huarahi whakaaro, mōhiotanga, me te mahi a ia wā hītori, e kiia nei e ia ko te "episteme". Kāore he huarahi whakaaro kotahi e whai mana whānuitia ana, e kore hoki e mutu. Nō reira, ko ngā ngana ki te whakamahi whānui i ētahi uara he momo mana whakahaere e kore e aro ki ngā momo huarahi noho me ngā whakaaro maha.
Mai i te tirohanga ā-muri-hanganga, me whakanui ngā rerekētanga ahurea, hītori, me te pāpori, kaua e whakatauritea. I whakanuia anō hoki e Kristeva te hiranga o te whakaaro ki ngā wheako kanorau, ā, he maha ngā wā e noho tahaetia ana, pērā i ngā wheako o ngā wāhine me ētahi atu rōpū tokoiti.
Whakamutunga
He arotake hohonu tā te kaupapa whaihanga i muri i te hanganga i ngā whakaaro taketake o te whakaaro tangata. Mā te wero i ngā ariā o te pumau o te kaupapa, te whakaaro whaitake o te reo, te ao whānui o ngā uara, me te tikanga, ka tono mai te kaupapa whaihanga kia whakaarohia anō tā tātou tirohanga ki te tangata me te ao. Engari i te titiro ki te tangata hei mea motuhake me te whakaaro whaitake, ka whakakitea e te kaupapa whaihanga te uaua o te mana, ngā mahi kōrero, me ngā mahi tohu e hanga ana i te tuakiri me te tikanga. E whakaako ana tēnei arotake me tuwhera tonu ngā kereme katoa ki te mātauranga me te tuakiri ki te tātari arohaehae me te wetewete, kia pai ake ai tā tātou maioha ki te kanorau me te kore pumau o roto i te wheako tangata.
