Te Herekore me te Whakataunga e ai ki a Sartre
Ko te pātai mēnā he tino herekore te tangata, he mea whakatau rānei e ngā āhuatanga o waho, tētahi o ngā tautohetohe tawhito rawa atu o te rapunga whakaaro. I tētahi taha, e kī ana te ariā whakatau ko ngā mahi a te tangata he hua o tētahi mekameka o ngā take me ngā pānga: ngā āhuatanga koiora, te mātauranga, te ahurea, tae noa ki ngā hanganga ōhanga. I tētahi atu taha, e kī ana te ariā o te herekore he wāhi whiriwhiri tō te tangata, ā, ko rātou te kawenga mō ā rātou whiringa. Nā Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), he tino tangata rongonui i roto i te ariā o te oranga tonutanga Wīwī, i whakatakoto tēnei take o te herekore ki waenganui o tana rapunga whakaaro. Heoi, i mōhio anō a Sartre kāore te oranga o te tangata e puta noa i te koretake: he meka, he rohe, me ngā āhuatanga e "herea ana." Nō reira, ehara te whakaaro o Sartre i te whakamoemiti aroha noa iho mō te herekore, engari he tātaritanga nui mō te mahi a te herekore i roto i tētahi ao kāore tātou e whiriwhiri.
Ko te Oranga kei mua i te Mauri: Te Pūtake o te Herekoretanga
Ki a Sartre, ko te kī ki te mārama ki te herekoretanga ko te ariā rongonui: ko te oranga kei mua i te mauri. He rerekē ki ngā mea hanga (hei tauira, ngā maripi) he "uri" he kaupapa rānei kei mua i te hanganga—he mea hanga hei tapahi—kāore he mauri pumau, kua whakaritea kētia i te tangata. Ka "noho" tuatahi te tangata, kātahi ka hanga i a rātou anō mā te whiriwhiri me te mahi. Kāore he āhua tangata e herea ana tātou ki tētahi mea tino. Nō reira, kei te haere tonu te tangata ki te noho.
He tino kaha te mutunga: ki te kore he mauri here, kāore e taea e te tangata te huna i muri i te kīanga "He pērā tonu ahau." Ko te mea e ora ana ko te kaupapa ora e hangaia ana e tātou. E kite ana a Sartre i te tuakiri ehara i te mea pumau, engari he hua o tētahi raupapa whakatau. Ehara te herekore i te tāpiri iti ki te āhua o te tangata, engari ko te hanganga taketake o te oranga o te tangata tonu.
Te Tangata "Kanga kia Noho Herekore"
I rongonui a Sartre i tana kīnga, "kua whakahēngia te tangata kia herekore." He ahua whakahē tēnei kōrero: he aha i kiia ai te herekore he kanga? Nā te mea ehara i te mea he wheako whakamarie i ngā wā katoa te herekore. Mena he tino herekore te tangata, kāore he hopu whakamutunga hei whakaora i a tātou i te kawenga. Kāore e taea e tātou te tuku i ā tātou whiringa ki te Atua, ki te tikanga tuku iho, ki ngā "ture o te āhua tangata" rānei hei whakamāoritanga whakamutunga. Ahakoa ka whai tātou i ngā tikanga pāpori, ka whakarongo ki ngā whakahau a ngā rangatira, ka whakarongo rānei ki ngā tikanga, ka mea a Sartre: he whiringa anō hoki tēnā. Ka whiriwhiri tātou ki te whakarongo, ka whiriwhiri kia kaua e ātete, ka whiriwhiri kia kaua e tūpono.
I konei, ka noho te herekore hei kawenga oranga. Ko te tikanga o te herekore me whakatau tonu tātou—ā, ko aua whakataunga te mea e hanga ana i a tātou. Ahakoa te kore whiriwhiri he momo whiriwhiri: te whiriwhiri ki te whakaroa, te whiriwhiri ki te karo. Nō reira, kāore e taea e te tangata te mawhiti i te herekore; kei roto tonu rātou i taua herekore, i ngā āhuatanga katoa.
Te Whakatau me te "Pāngarau": Ngā Here Tuturu
Ahakoa te whakahē i te whakatau kaupapa hei whakamārama katoa mō ngā mahi a te tangata, kāore a Sartre i whakakahore i te noho o ngā rohe tūturu. I tapaina e ia tēnei mea pono: ko ngā mea katoa kua "noho kē" kāore i whiriwhiria e tātou, pērā i tō tātou wāhi whānau, tō tātou tinana, ō tātou āhuatanga ōhanga, tō tātou hītori whānau, tō tātou āhuatanga tōrangapū, tae noa ki ō tātou wheako o mua. Ko tēnei mea pono te whenua e whakahaerehia ai te herekoretanga. Kāore te tangata e whiriwhiri i ngā kāri e hoatu ana ki a rātou, engari me pēhea tā rātou tākaro i aua kāri.
He tauira māmā noa iho: tērā pea ka whānau mai tetahi i roto i te rawakore, ka pāngia e te whakahāwea, ka pāngia rānei e te hauātanga tinana. Ki a Sartre, he tino whakawhāiti ēnei āhuatanga i ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana. Heoi, kāore ēnei here e whakakore i te herekore, nā te mea ehara te herekore i te tikanga o te "kaha ki te mahi i tetahi mea," engari ko te kaha ki te tū, ki te hoatu tikanga ki taua mea, me te whakatau i te huarahi mahi i roto i tētahi āhuatanga tūturu. Ko te herekore he "herekore i roto i te āhuatanga," ehara i te herekore āhua noa e rere ana i te rangi.
Koinei te wāhi e kitea ai te rerekētanga o Sartre mai i te whakatau pakari. E whakaaro ana te whakatau he rawaka ngā āhuatanga tīmatanga me ngā ture take hei whakamārama i ngā mahi; e whakanui ana a Sartre i te taha kaupapa hohe: ehara te tangata i te mea he mea noa e nekehia ana, engari he māngai e whakamārama ana, e whiriwhiri ana.
Te Hinengaro me te Whakakore: He aha te Tangata Kāore e Tino Whakatau
E wehewehe ana a Sartre i te tangata hei hinengaro (pour-soi, "mōna ake") me ngā mea hei mea "e noho noa ana" (en-soi, "i roto i a ia anō"). Kāore he tawhiti o ngā mea pēnei i ngā kōhatu, i ngā tūru rānei i a rātou anō: ko rātou tonu rātou. Ko te tangata ia, he hinengaro kei a ia e āhei ana ki te whakamātara i a rātou anō, ki te pātai, me te whakahē. Kei roto i te hinengaro te āheinga mō te "whakakahore": te kī "kāo," te whakaaro i ngā huarahi kē atu, te matapae i ngā mea kei te heke mai kāore anō kia noho.
Ko te tikanga o tēnei pūkenga, kāore te tangata i te tino ōrite ki ō rātou āhuatanga. Ehara te kaimahi i te "kaimahi" noa iho; ka taea e rātou te wehe atu i tā rātou tūranga, te aromatawai i tā rātou mahi, me te whakatau mēnā ka noho tonu, ka rihaina rānei. Kāore te tangata kua hinga e tika kia "hinga" tonu; ka taea e rātou te whakamārama i te hinga hei akoranga, hei take rānei hei tuku - me te whiriwhiri i waenga i ngā mea e rua. Ko te whakatau ka titiro ki te tangata hei huinga o ngā āhuatanga; e kite ana a Sartre i te tangata hei hinengaro e hipa tonu ana i ngā mea kua hoatu kētia.
Te Whakapono Kino: Me pēhea te Mawhiti i te Herekoretanga
Mena he herekore te tangata, he aha te take e whakaaro ai te tini kua whakaritea ō rātou oranga? Ka whakautua tēnei e Sartre me te ariā o te mauvaise foi, arā, te whakapono kino. Ehara i te mea ko te whakapono kino he teka noa ki ētahi atu, engari he teka hoki ki a tātou anō: te whakaaro kāore tātou i te herekore ki te karo i te manukanuka me te kawenga.
Hei tauira, ka mea pea tetahi, "Kāore e taea e au te huri; he tangata pukuriri noa iho ahau." Ki tā Sartre, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tēnei kōrero hei mawhiti: ka hurihia ngā tikanga, ngā au rānei hei "meka" tuturu. Ka mea rānei te kaimahi, "Kei te whai noa ahau i ngā whakahau," me te mea kāore ā rātou mahi e uru ana ki ngā kōwhiringa matatika. E kite ana a Sartre i tēnei hei momo whakawhaiaro-whaiaro: te hanga i a ia anō hei mea e whai noa ana i tētahi mahi, i te mea ko te mea pono, kei te whiriwhiri tonu te tangata ki te whai, ki te whakahē rānei.
E whakaatu ana te whakapono kino ka taea te pehi i te herekoretanga i te hinengaro. He maha ngā wā ka rapu te tangata i te whakamarie i roto i te whakataunga - me te whakaaro ko ngā āhuatanga he mea i whakaritea - kia kore ai e aro atu ki te taumahatanga o te kōwhiringa.
Te Kawenga Nui me te Ahu Matatika
E hono tonu ana te herekoretanga o Sartre ki te kawenga. Mēnā ka hangaia e au ahau mā te whiriwhiri, koia ahau te kawenga mōku anō. Hei tāpiri, e kī ana a Sartre, ina whiriwhiri te tangata, ka whakaū anō ia i te ahua o te tangata e whakaarohia ana e rātou he tika: kei roto i taku whiriwhiri he kereme huna ki te uara. Nō reira, kei roto i te herekoretanga ngā āhuatanga matatika me te pāpori: kāore ā tātou mahi e noho kūpapa.
Heoi, ehara tēnei i te kī he rārangi arowhai matatika kua oti kē te whakarite e Sartre. E whakahē ana ia i te matatika e ahu mai ana i te mauri tangata, i ngā whakaritenga matatika rānei. Ko tāna e whakanui ana ko te pono o te ao tūroa: te mōhio ko tātou te hunga whiriwhiri, ā, ko tātou te kawenga mō ngā hua, me te kore e whakamahi i ngā whakaaro tinihanga, whakatau.
Te Herekore, te Āhuatanga Hapori, me te Arotakenga o te Whakataunga Hanganga
I muri mai ka ngana a Sartre ki te hono i te existentialism ki te tātari pāpori—hei tauira, i roto i tana hononga ki a Marxism, ahakoa tōna whanaungatanga uaua. I whakaae ia ki te noho o ngā hanganga pāpori tukino: te akomanga, ngā umanga, ngā ariā, me te mana. Ka taea e ēnei hanganga te whakatau nui i ngā tupono oranga o te tangata. Heoi, i kī ia kāore ngā hanganga e "kati katoa" i te kaupapa. He wāhi tonu tā te tangata—ahakoa te iti—ki te tū me te mahi, ahakoa ko te tikanga o taua mahi ko te whiriwhiri ki te tiaki, ki te ātete, ki te whiriwhiri, ki te waihanga hononga rānei.
I roto i tēnei anga, e māramahia ana te whakatau ā-hapori hei whakaahuatanga o ngā pēhanga whāinga, ehara i te mea hei whakakore i te mana whakahaere. E rua ngā pito e whakahē ana a Sartre: te herekore mutunga kore, tino mutunga kore (e kore e aro ki ngā meka pāpori) me te whakatau katoa (e whakakore ana i te kaupapa).
Whakamutunga: Te Herekoretanga Tūturu
E ai ki a Sartre, ehara te herekore i te pepeha mō te "ka taea e koe te noho hei mea katoa." Ko te herekore te mooni o te oranga e whai wāhi tonu ana te tangata ki te whiriwhiri, ahakoa he iti noa iho ā rātou whiringa. Ki a Sartre, ka rahua te whakatau-ā-roto nā te mea e whakaaro ana ko te tangata he hua noa iho o te take me te pānga; ko te wheako tangata ia e whakaatu ana i te noho o te hinengaro ka taea te whakatā, te aromatawai, me te whakatau i te ahunga. Engari ehara a Sartre i te kuware: ko te pono—te tinana, te hītori, ngā hanganga pāpori—ko te rohe tūturu e mahi tonu ai te herekore i roto i ngā āhuatanga.
Hei whakamutunga, ka wero a Sartre i a tātou kia noho ora me te kore whakapono kino: kia whakaae ki tō tātou herekoretanga, kia whakaae ki ō tātou rohe, ā, kia noho haepapa tonu mō te āhua o tā tātou urupare ki aua rohe. I roto i tētahi ao e whakamatautauria ana tātou ki te whakapae i ngā āhuatanga, ka whakamahara mai a Sartre ko te tikanga o te tangata ko te "noho" tonu, ā, ko taua tukanga he herekoretanga e whakaora ana, e whakamataku ana hoki.
