Te Rapunga Whakaaro o te Ao Tūroa a Jean-Paul Sartre
Ko Jean-Paul Sartre tētahi o ngā tohunga whakaaro nui whai mana o te rautau 20. I whānau ia ki Parī i te 21 o Hune, 1905, ā, i mate i te 15 o Āperira, 1980. I mōhiotia a Sartre hei tohunga whakaaro, hei kaituhi, hei kaiwhakahau tōrangapū. Ko tētahi o ana takoha nui ki te ao ko te rapunga whakaaro o te existentialism, he huarahi e whai ana ki te mārama ki te tikanga o te oranga o te tangata.
Papamuri o te Whakapono
I puta ake te rapunga whakaaro o te existentialism hei tauhohenga ki te rationalism me te idealism Hegelian i kaha ake ai te whakaaro rapunga whakaaro o Ūropi i te rautau 19. Ko te existentialism, i tōna whanaketanga i te rautau 20, i whakakahore i te whakaaro he raupapa whakaaro nui tō te ao e taea ai e te tangata te mārama katoa. Engari, i whakanuia e ia te kuware o te oranga me te whakanui i te herekoretanga takitahi me te kawenga whaiaro.
Nā tētahi atu tohunga whakaaro Wīwī, nā Gabriel Marcel, i tito te kupu "existentialism". Heoi, he mahi nui tā Sartre, me ētahi atu tangata pērā i a Martin Heidegger rāua ko Albert Camus, i te whakawhanake me te whakatairanga i tēnei kaupapa.
Te Kaupapa o te Whakaaro a Sartre
"Ko te oranga kei mua i te mauri"
Ko tētahi o ngā kōrero rongonui a Sartre ko "te oranga i mua i te mauri." I roto i te tirohanga tuku iho, ko te mauri (te mauri rānei) o tētahi mea i mua i tōna oranga. Hei tauira, i mua i te hanganga o tētahi tūru, me whai ariā, whakaaro rānei rātou mō taua mea.
Heoi, e ai ki a Sartre, kāore tēnei e pā ki te tangata. Ka noho tuatahi te tangata, kātahi ka whakatau i tōna ake mauri, i tōna ake kaupapa rānei i te ao . Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ka whānau mai te tangata me te kore he tikanga, he kaupapa rānei kua whakaritea i mua, ā, me waihanga e ia tōna ake tikanga mā te mahi me te whiriwhiri noa.
Te Herekore me ngā Here
I roto i te ariā o te ao tūroa, i whakanuia e Sartre te hiranga o te herekoretanga. I whakapono ia he tangata herekore te tangata, ā, he kaha ki te whiriwhiri. Heoi, ehara i te mea koinei anake te pūtake o te harikoa. He maha ngā wā ka haere tahi mai te herekoretanga me te whakaaro nui ki te kawenga me te āwangawanga nui mō ngā hua o ā tātou whiriwhiringa.
Ahakoa te kī a Sartre he tangata herekore tātou, i whakaae anō ia he maha ngā wā ka herea tō tātou herekoretanga e ngā āhuatanga kāore i whiriwhiria e tātou, pērā i tō tātou taiao pāpori, ahurea, hītori rānei. Koinei ngā āhuatanga o te "meka" e pā ana ki a tātou, e hanga ana, e whakawhāiti ana hoki i tō tātou herekoretanga i te wā kotahi.
Te Kawenga me te Manukanuka
I whakapono a Sartre, me te herekoretanga ka tae mai te kawenga. Nā te mea he herekore tātou ki te whiriwhiri, kei a tātou anō te kawenga mō ā tātou ake mahi me ā tātou whakataunga. Kāore he tangata kē atu hei whakapae mō ā tātou whiriwhiringa, ā, he maha ngā wā ka ara ake te ruarua me te manukanuka i tēnei.
I roto i tana mahi "Being and Nothingness" (1943), i whakawhanakehia e Sartre te ariā o te "anger" hei whakaahua i te kare e puta ake ana i te whakatutukitanga o tō tātou herekoretanga nui. Ko te anger te kare o te koretake me te manukanuka e puta ake ana ina mohio tātou kei a tātou katoa te kawenga mō ā tātou mahi, ā, kāore he aratohu tino tika hei whakawhirinaki atu.
"Te kaha ki te whakatau i a koe anō"
Nā Sartre i tito ngā kupu "pour-soi" (mōu ake) me "en-soi" (mōu ake) hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga matua e rua o te oranga. Ko te "En-soi" e pā ana ki te noho i roto i a ia anō, pērā i te mea kore ora kāore e mōhio ki a ia anō. I tetahi atu taha, ko te "pour-soi" e whakaahua ana i te tangata e mōhio ana ki a ia anō me tōna kaha ki te whakatau i ngā kōwhiringa e whakatau ana i tōna oranga.
Ki tā Sartre titiro, me whai te tangata kia tutuki ai te oranga "pour-soi" tūturu, arā, he oranga pono e pono ai te tangata ki a ia anō, e whakatau ana i ngā kōwhiringa i runga i ōna ake uara, kaua i te whai noa i ngā tikanga me ngā tumanakohanga a te hapori.
Pānga Hapori me te Pānga Tōrangapū
Kāore a Sartre i te mōhiotia noa hei tohunga whakaaro; he kaiwhakahau tōrangapū anō hoki ia, i uru atu ki ngā kaupapa pāpori me ngā kaupapa tōrangapū puta noa i tōna oranga. He kaitautoko ia i te Marxism, ā, he maha āna kōrero mō te hē o te pāpori, te koroni, me te hiranga o te herekoretanga.
Heoi, he maha ngā wā he uaua, he koretake hoki ōna tirohanga. Ahakoa i tautoko ia i ētahi āhuatanga o te Marxism, i whakahē anō a Sartre i ētahi wāhanga o te ariā, inā koa mō te herekoretanga takitahi. I rapu ia i tētahi ara waenga e whakaae ana ki te herekoretanga takitahi i roto i te anga o tētahi ariā pāpori whānui ake.
I kaha te whakahē a Sartre i te mana whakahaere tūkino me te mana whakahaere katoa. I roto i ana tuhinga me tōna oranga, i whakanui pinepine ia i te hiranga o te herekoretanga me ngā tika tangata.
Arotakenga mō te Oranga-ā-Iwi a Sartre
Ahakoa he nui te hunga e tautoko ana i te rapunga whakaaro o Sartre mō te oranga tonutanga, kua whakahēngia anō hoki. E kī ana ētahi tohunga whakaaro he tino rerekē rawa ana tirohanga mō te herekoretanga me te kawenga, ā, kāore e whai whakaaro ki ngā herenga o ngā hanganga pāpori me ngā hanganga koiora e pā ana ki te takitahi.
I whakaaro ētahi atu tohunga whakaaro he tino pouri rawa ana whakaaro, e whakanui ana i ngā manukanuka me ngā āhua wairangi o te ao , kaua ki te tuku tohutohu pai mō te oranga. I tua atu, i whakapae ētahi kairīti i a Sartre mō te kore e tuku otinga whai hua ki ngā raruraru pāpori me te tōrangapū i whakanuia e ia, ahakoa tana tautoko nui i te hiahia mō te huringa.
Ahakoa ēnei whakahē, he hohonu tonu te awe o Sartre ki te rapunga whakaaro me te toi o ēnei rā. Kei te awe tonu ana ariā mō te herekoretanga, te kawenga, me te hiahia mō te pono ki ngā whakaaro rapunga whakaaro, ngā tuhinga, tae noa ki te hinengaro.
Whakamutunga
Ko Jean-Paul Sartre tētahi o ngā tino tangata nui o te ao o te whakapono existentialist. Nā roto i āna mahi, i whakaarahia e ia ngā pātai hohonu mō te oranga o te tangata, te herekoretanga, te kawenga, me te tikanga o te ora . Ahakoa i tautohetia āna whakaakoranga i ētahi wā, ā, i puta ai he tautohetohe nui, kāore e kore i waiho e Sartre he tohu pumau ki te ao rapunga whakaaro me tua atu.
Mā te whakanui i te "ora i mua i te mauri," ka tono a Sartre kia whakaaroaro anō tātou ki te tikanga o tō tātou ake oranga me te pēhea e taea ai e tātou te noho i ngā oranga pono me te whai tikanga. E whakamahara ana ia ki a tātou i roto i tō tātou herekoretanga, he kawenga nui tā tātou, ehara i te mea ki a tātou anō engari ki ētahi atu me te ao huri noa i a tātou. Ko te rapunga whakaaro a Sartre, me ōna uauatanga me tōna hohonutanga, kei te noho tonu hei puna whakahihiko me te whakaaroaro mō te tini tae noa mai ki tēnei rā.
