Te Tūranga o te Anthropology ki te Mārama ki ngā Take Hauora Hinengaro
He peka o te pūtaiao pāpori te mātauranga tangata, ā, he mahi nui tāna ki te ako i ngā āhuatanga ahurea, pāpori, me te koiora o te tangata. Ko tētahi wāhanga e aro nuihia ana ko te hauora hinengaro. He mea nui ngā take hauora hinengaro ki te oranga o te tangata, ā, he pānga ki ngā āhuatanga maha o te ao, arā, te whaiaro me te hapori. Heoi, ehara te hauora hinengaro i te ariā kotahi; he maha ngā āhuatanga e pāngia ana, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga pāpori, ahurea, ōhanga, me te tōrangapū. Koinei te wāhi e tino hira ai te mahi a te mātauranga tangata. Hei kaupapa e aro ana ki te mārama ki te tangata i roto i ō rātou āhuatanga katoa, ka tukuna e te mātauranga tangata ngā taputapu me ngā tirohanga ahurei hei mārama ki ngā take hauora hinengaro. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te mahi a te mātauranga tangata ki te mārama ki te hauora hinengaro mā roto i ngā huarahi, ngā tikanga, me ngā ariā e tika ana.
Te Mārama ki te Horopaki Ahurea
Ko tētahi o ngā takoha matua a te mātauranga tangata ki te mārama ki ngā take hauora hinengaro ko te tātari ahurea. He nui te awe o te ahurea ki te tirohanga a te tangata ki te hauora hinengaro, ki te mārama ki ngā tohu, me te rapu maimoatanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā ariā o te "pouri" me te "manukanuka" kāore pea i te rite tonu ki ētahi reo, ahurea rānei. I ētahi ahurea, ko ngā tohu hauora hinengaro ka puta pinepine hei tohu tinana, pērā i te ānini, te mamae tinana rānei.
Ka rangahauhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata ahurea te pānga o ngā tikanga, ngā uara, me ngā mahi ahurea ki te wheako me te urupare a te tangata ki ngā āhuatanga hauora hinengaro. Ko tētahi tauira tūturu ko te rangahau a Arthur Kleinman, he tohunga tātai tangata me te tohunga hinengaro, e whakaatu ana i te rerekētanga o te whakaaturanga me te māramatanga o te pouri i Haina ki ngā whenua o te Hauāuru. I Haina, ka whakaahuahia e te tangata te pouri i roto i ngā kupu tinana pērā i te ngenge, te mamae tinana rānei, he rerekē tēnei i te arotahi hinengaro, kare ā-roto rānei i te Hauāuru.
Huarahi Whānui
Mā te mātauranga tangata ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi huarahi whānui hei mārama ki te hauora hinengaro, e kapi ana i ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga tangata—mai i te koiora me te hinengaro ki te pāpori me te ahurea. Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea te mārama whānui ake ki ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te hauora hinengaro. Hei tauira, ko te hekenga mai, te rawakore, te tutu, me te koretake o te tōrangapū ka pā ki te hauora hinengaro o te tangata, ā, he hononga tata ēnei āhuatanga katoa ki te horopaki pāpori me te ahurea.
Mā te huarahi whānui ka āwhina i te mārama ki ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā āhuatanga maha. Hei tauira, ko te hapori e pāngia ana e te whakahāwea iwi, iwi rānei, ka nui ake pea te ahotea, ka whai wāhi atu ki te horapa o ngā mate hauora hinengaro. Kua whakamāramahia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata hauora pērā i a Paul Farmer te kaha o te whakararuraru i ngā raruraru hauora hinengaro nā te kore tika o te hapori me ngā whakahaere, inā koa i ngā whenua whakawhanake.
Mā ngā tikanga tātaritanga iwi, e uru ana ki te mātakitaki ā-kaiuru me ngā uiuinga hōhonu, ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te whiwhi māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā wheako o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā hapori e pāngia ana e ngā mate hauora hinengaro. Mā tēnei tikanga ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakawhanake i tētahi māramatanga whai kiko me te horopaki mō te māramatanga me te aro atu ki te hauora hinengaro i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea rerekē.
Ko tētahi tauira o te whakamahinga o tēnei tikanga ko ngā rangahau i mahia i roto i ngā hapori taiwhenua o Īnia, i te nuinga o te wā ka warewarehia, ka whakahāweatia hoki te hauora hinengaro. Mā roto i ngā tirohanga hōhonu me ngā uiuinga, i taea e ngā kairangahau te mārama ki te whai wāhi nui o ngā whakapono whakapono me ngā whakapono wairua ki te rapu me te whiwhi tiaki hauora hinengaro a te tangata . Kāore i te āwhina noa tēnei rangahau ki te mārama ki ngā ariā ā-rohe mō te hauora hinengaro, engari i āwhina anō hoki ki te hoahoa i ngā wawaotanga e pai ake ai te urutau ki te horopaki ahurea o te rohe.
Ngā Wawaotanga e Hangai Ana ki te Ahurea
Mā te mārama ki te awe o te ahurea i ngā tirohanga me ngā wheako o te hauora hinengaro, ka taea e te mātauranga tangata te āwhina i te hoahoa i ngā wawaotanga whai hua me te pumau. He maha ngā kaupapa hauora hinengaro kāore e tutuki i ā rātou whāinga nā te mea kāore e whakaarohia te horopaki ahurea e whakatinanahia ana. Ka taea e ngā tohunga tangata te āwhina i te aromatawai i ngā hiahia me ngā tumanakohanga o te hapori, me te hoahoa i ngā kaupapa e pai ake ai te hono atu ki ngā uara me ngā tikanga ā-rohe.
Hei tauira, me whakarite pea ngā kaupapa hauora hinengaro mō ngā hapori manene me ngā hapori rerenga kia whai whakaaro ki ngā mamae i pā ki a rātou i ō rātou whenua ake, me te wā hoki o tā rātou hekenga mai. Ka taea e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te mahi tahi me ngā tohunga hinengaro me ētahi atu tohunga hauora ki te whakawhanake i tētahi huarahi whānui ake e aro ana ki ngā matea motuhake o ēnei rōpū.
Te Arotake i te Biocentrism me te Medicalism
He maha hoki ngā tohunga tātai tangata e whakahē ana i ngā huarahi koiora me te hauora e whakanui rawa ana i te koiora me te āhua o te mate hinengaro. Ahakoa he mea nui te koiora, i ētahi wā ka warewarehia e ēnei huarahi ngā āhuatanga pāpori me ngā āhuatanga ahurea e rite ana te hiranga ki te mārama ki te hauora hinengaro. Kua whakahē ngā tohunga tātai tangata pērā i a Nancy Scheper-Hughes i te mea e kiia nei ko te "pathologization" o te wheako tangata, e kore nei e aro ki te horopaki pāpori me te ahurea o ngā take hauora hinengaro.
Mā te huarahi taurite ake e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā āhuatanga koiora, hinengaro, pāpori me ngā āhuatanga ahurea ka nui ake te māramatanga. Mā tēnei ka taea te manaaki whānui ake e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia me te horopaki pāpori o te tangata takitahi.
Rangahau Kounga hei Tautoko Kaupapahere
He rauemi nui anō hoki ngā rangahau ā-iwi e whai kiko ana i ngā raraunga kounga hei whakatakoto kaupapa here hauora hinengaro whai hua ake. Ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei raraunga e ngā kaihanga kaupapa here hei mārama ki ngā hiahia motuhake o te hapori, hei hoahoa hoki i ngā kaupapa e tika ana mō rātou. Hei tauira, mā te rangahau kounga mō te whakahāwea me te whakahāwea i te hunga whai mate hauora hinengaro ka āwhina i te whakatakoto kaupapa here whānui ake, tautoko ake hoki.
He maha ngā wā e whakakitea ana e ngā rangahau a ngā tohunga tātai tangata hauora i ngā whenua whakawhanake ngā momo hē me te kore taurite o te urunga atu ki ngā ratonga hauora hinengaro. Ka taea te whakamahi i ēnei kitenga hei whakamārama i ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia nui ake te aro mai o ngā kaihanga kaupapa here me ngā kaituku moni o te ao, kia pai ake ai te whai hua me te pumau o ngā wawaotanga.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te tūranga o te mātauranga tangata ki te mārama ki ngā take hauora hinengaro. Mā te huarahi whānui, ngā tikanga hohonu o te mātauranga iwi, me te aro ki ngā horopaki pāpori me te ahurea, ka taea e tēnei kaupapa te tuku tirohanga matatini me te whānui ki te hauora hinengaro. Mā te mārama hohonu ki te pānga o te ahurea, te ōhanga, te tōrangapū, me ētahi atu āhuatanga pāpori ki te hauora hinengaro, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata te āwhina i te hoahoa i ngā wawaotanga me ngā kaupapa whai hua me te pumau. I tēnei wā o te ao whānui e piki haere ana te uaua, he mea nui ake te huarahi whānui me te aro ki te ahurea hei aro atu ki ngā wero e tipu haere tonu ana o te hauora hinengaro. Kei roto te mātauranga tangata, me ngā taputapu me ngā tirohanga katoa e tukuna ana e ia, i tētahi tūranga ahurei hei takoha nui ki te māramatanga me te maimoatanga o ngā take hauora hinengaro.
