Te Anthropology Tōrangapū me te Hanganga Mana
Ko te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū he peka o te mātauranga tātai tangata e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga tōrangapū o te oranga tangata i roto i ngā hapori rerekē. Ko te arotahi matua o te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū ko te āhua o te whiwhi, te whakamahi, me te pupuri i te mana i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea me ngā horopaki pāpori. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou ngā ariā matua o te mātauranga tātai tangata tōrangapū me ngā hanganga o te mana, me te āhua o tēnei kaupapa e whakarato ana i ngā tirohanga ahurei ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mana me te hapori.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Anthropology Tōrangapū
I tīmata te whanaketanga o te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū hei kaupapa motuhake i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. I tīmata ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata ki te mōhio he mea nui ngā āhuatanga o te tōrangapū me te mana ki te mārama ki te hapori tangata whānui. Ko tētahi o ngā paionia i tēnei mara ko Max Gluckmann, nāna i whakanui te hiranga o te tātari i ngā tauira taupatupatu me te whakatau taupatupatu i roto i ngā hapori.
Ehara i te mea ko ngā umanga ōkawa pēnei i ngā whenua, ngā rōpū tōrangapū, me ngā whakahaere o te ao anake ka tirohia e te mataotao tōrangapū, engari ko ngā hanganga mana i roto i ngā hapori iti, ngā rōpū iwi, ngā hapū, me ngā iwi taketake. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā tohunga mataotao te mārama ki ngā huarahi kanorau o te whakaritenga o te mana me te mana.
Ngā Ariā i roto i te Anthropology Tōrangapū
He maha ngā ariā nui i roto i te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū e āwhina ana ki te whakamārama i te mahi a te mana i roto i te hapori:
1. Ariā Hanganga-Whakahaere:
Ko tēnei ariā, i rongonuihia e Talcott Parsons rāua ko A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, e kī ana ko ngā hapori he pūnaha hanganga kei roto ko ia huānga he mahi motuhake. I roto i te horopaki tōrangapū, e kiia ana ko ngā umanga pēnei i te kāwanatanga he mahi hei pupuri i te taurite me te pumau i roto i te hapori.
2. Ariā Taupatupatu:
Ko te ariā pakanga, e pā ana ki a Karl Marx rāua ko Max Gluckmann, e titiro ana ki te mana hei hua o te pakanga me te pakanga i waenga i ngā rōpū whakataetae. He maha ngā wā ka kitea te mana hei taputapu mō te pehi i ngā rōpū iti ake te mana.
3. Ariā Whakahaere:
Nō nā tata nei, i raro i te awe o Anthony Giddens rāua ko Pierre Bourdieu, kua whakanuia te hiranga o ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū iti ki te hanga me te whakarerekē i ngā hanganga mana. E whakaae ana tēnei ariā kei a ngā tāngata takitahi me ngā rōpū te kaha ki te mahi motuhake, ahakoa i roto i ngā hanganga āhua pakari.
4. Te Ariā o Muri i te Koroni:
Ko te ariā muri-koroni, i whakaaturia e ngā kaipūkenga pērā i a Edward Said rāua ko Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, e whakaatu ana i te awe o ngā hītori o te koroni me te imperialism ki ngā hanganga mana o te ao. E whakanui ana tēnei ariā i te hiranga o te mārama ki te whakahaere o ngā whanaungatanga mana i roto i ngā horopaki koroni me muri-koroni. te awe i te hapori me te tuakiri ahurea.
Hanganga Mana i roto i te Hapori
Ka rerekē pea ngā hanganga mana i roto i ngā hapori i runga i ngā horopaki ahurea, pāpori, me ngā horopaki hītori. Anei ētahi momo hanganga mana e kōrerohia pinepinetia ana i roto i te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū:
1. Mana Tuku Iho:
Ko te mana tuku iho e ahu mai ana i ngā tikanga tuku iho, ngā uara ahurea, me te mana tuku iho. Hei tauira, ko te mana o ngā kīngi, o ngā rangatira rānei o ngā iwi i roto i ngā hapori taketake. I roto i ngā hanganga mana tuku iho, he tuku iho te mana, ā, e whakahaerehia ana e ngā tikanga ahurea kaha.
2. Mana Karismatika:
Ko te mana karismatika e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga, i ngā pūkenga rānei o te tangata e kitea ana he mea whakamiharo e ōna akonga. I tautuhia e Max Weber te mana karismatika hei tētahi o ngā momo mana e toru (me te mana whakaaro-ture me te mana tuku iho). Ka taea e ngā tāngata pēnei i ngā kaiārahi whakapono, ngā kaitahurihuri, ngā kaiārahi tōrangapū whakautetia rānei te whiwhi mana mā roto i ō rātou karisma.
3. Mana Ture-Whakaaroaro:
Ko te mana ture-whakaaro e ahu mai ana i tētahi pūnaha ture me ngā ture kua whakamanahia ā-ture. He maha ngā wā ka kitea tēnei hanganga mana i roto i te hapori hou te wāhi e whakamanahia ai te mana mā te kaupapa ture me ngā ture. Ko ngā umanga pēnei i te kāwanatanga, ngā kōti, me ngā whare ture he tauira o ngā hanganga mana whai take-ture.
4. Mana Ōhanga:
Ko te mana ōhanga e pā ana ki te whakahaere i ngā rauemi ōhanga, pērā i te whenua, te whakapaipai, me te mahi. I roto i te maha o ngā hapori, ka taea e ngā hanganga akomanga pāpori te awe i te tohatoha o te mana ōhanga. Hei tauira ko te pūnaha tāke, kei reira ngā kaipupuri whakapaipai e whai mana nui ana ki te whakatau i ngā kaupapa here ōhanga me te tōrangapū.
5. Mana Tōrangapū:
Ko te mana tōrangapū e pā ana ki te kaha ki te whiwhi, ki te whai mana, me te whakamahi i te mana i roto i tētahi kāwanatanga, i tētahi atu whare tōrangapū rānei. Ka uru pea ki ngā hanganga mana tōrangapū ngā rōpū tōrangapū, ngā kaihanga ture, me ngā kaiwhakahaere kāwanatanga.
Ngā Akoranga Take i roto i te Anthropology Tōrangapū
Hei mārama ake ki te mahi a ngā hanganga mana i roto i ngā hapori rerekē, anei ētahi rangahau take nui i roto i te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū:
1. Ngā tāngata o Aceh i Initonīhia:
E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mō te hapori o Aceh i te hononga o te mana tuku iho me te mana hou. I Aceh, kei te taha o te kāwanatanga hou tētahi pūnaha mana tuku iho e kiia nei ko te "nanggroe". He maha ngā wā me mahi tahi ngā kaiārahi tikanga (ulama) me ngā kaiārahi tōrangapū whaimana ki te whakahaere me te whakahaere i te hapori.
2. Te Pūnaha Hapū i Āwherika ki te Rāwhiti:
He maha ngā hapori o Āwherika ki te Rāwhiti, pērā i te Maasai, he hanganga mana ā-iwi. He mana nui tō ngā rangatira o te iwi, ā, ko rātou te kawenga mō te tohatoha rauemi me te whakatau tautohe i waenga i ngā mema o te iwi. E whakaatu ana tēnei hanganga i tētahi momo mana tuku iho he mea nui ki te oranga o ia rā.
3. Te Kāwanatanga o te Kāinga i Mehiko:
I roto i te nuinga o ngā kāinga o Mehiko, ka whakaritea te kāwanatanga ā-rohe mā roto i tētahi tikanga e mōhiotia ana ko "usos y costumbres" (tikanga me ngā tikanga tuku iho). Mā tēnei pūnaha ka taea e ngā tāngata o te kāinga te pōti i ō rātou kaiārahi i runga i te whakaae ā-rohe me ngā tikanga tuku iho, he rerekē i te hanganga kāwanatanga ā-motu.
Whakamutunga
Mā te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū ka taea e tātou te mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te mana i roto i ngā horopaki ahurea me ngā horopaki pāpori rerekē. Mā te tūhura i ngā ariā me ngā hanganga o te mana, ka taea e ngā tohunga mātauranga tangata te āwhina i te hura i ngā huarahi e whakarite ai ngā hapori rerekē i ō rātou oranga tōrangapū. Ko ngā hanganga mana—ahakoa he tikanga tuku iho, he tikanga karismatika, he tikanga ture-whakaaro, he tikanga ōhanga, he tikanga tōrangapū rānei—e whakaatu ana kāore he huarahi kotahi, whānui hoki hei mārama ki ngā whanaketanga mana. Mā roto i ngā rangahau take mai i te ao katoa, ka whakawhānui tonu te mātauranga tangata tōrangapū i tō tātou māramatanga ki te mahi a te mana i roto i te oranga tangata.
Nō reira, he tirohanga whānui, he tirohanga whānui hoki tā te mātauranga matatika tōrangapū hei mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tāngata takitahi, ngā rōpū, me ngā umanga i roto i ngā horopaki mana rerekē. He mara e whanake tonu ana, e whai tikanga tonu ana hoki i roto i te ao hurihuri, e tuku ana i ngā taputapu tātari nui hei mārama me te aro atu ki ngā wero tōrangapū o nāianei.
