Cov Hom Yas Uas Yaj Tau Thiab Lawv Ua Li Cas
Pendahuluuan
Cov yas ib txwm muaj tau dhau los ua ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv lub neej txhua hnub, siv rau ntau yam kev siv, txij li kev ntim khoom noj mus rau cov khoom siv rau cov neeg siv khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau ib puag ncig tau ua rau muaj kev tshawb nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev uas zoo rau ib puag ncig, ib qho ntawm cov yas uas lwj tau. Cov yas lwj tau yog ib hom yas uas cov kab mob me me tuaj yeem zom ua cov tshuaj uas tsis muaj teeb meem rau ib puag ncig. Tsab xov xwm no yuav piav qhia txog ntau hom yas lwj tau thiab lawv ua li cas.
Hom Yas Uas Yaj Tau Hauv Av
1. Polylactic Acid (PLA)
PLA yog ib hom yas uas lwj tau los ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, xws li pob kws lossis qab zib. PLA feem ntau siv rau hauv lub raj mis, ntim khoom noj, thiab txawm tias cov filament rau 3D printing. PLA tuaj yeem lwj hauv cov chaw ua composting hauv kev lag luam hauv 1-6 lub hlis.
2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
PHA yog ib hom polyester ntuj uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob me me los ntawm kev ua kom cov suab thaj lossis cov lipids. PHA muaj ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim cov hnab yas, kev ntim khoom, thiab txawm tias qee qhov kev siv kho mob. PHA yog biodegradable tag nrho thiab tuaj yeem lwj hauv ob qho tib si hauv dej hiav txwv thiab hauv av.
3. Cov Yas Uas Muaj Hmoov Nplej
Cov yas uas muaj hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ntuj (feem ntau yog los ntawm pob kws, qos yaj ywm, lossis nplej) nrog cov yas tsim los yog lwm yam yas uas lwj tau. Cov yas uas muaj hmoov txhuv nplej siab siv tau los ua cov hnab yuav khoom, qhwv zaub mov, thiab ntau yam kev siv ua liaj ua teb.
4. Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)
PGA yog ib hom yas uas lwj tau yooj yim uas feem ntau siv rau hauv kev siv kho mob xws li cov xov phais uas lwj tau yooj yim. PGA muaj cov khoom lwj tau zoo heev thiab tuaj yeem lwj tag hauv ob peb lub hlis thaum muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw noo noo.
5. Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
PBS yog ib hom polyester uas lwj tau hauv av thiab muaj cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab cua sov zoo ib yam li cov yas ib txwm muaj (xws li polyethylene). PBS feem ntau siv rau hauv kev ntim khoom, cov khoom siv tais diav pov tseg, thiab kev siv ua liaj ua teb. PBS tuaj yeem lwj hauv av thiab dej.
6. Cov Yas Uas Muaj Cellulose
Cov yas uas muaj cellulose yog ua los ntawm cellulose, uas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov phab ntsa cell ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov yas no feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov yas zaj duab xis, cov tshuaj pleev xim, thiab ntau yam kev siv ntim khoom. Cellulose tuaj yeem lwj mus rau hauv av li ntawm ob peb lub hlis mus rau ntau xyoo, nyob ntawm seb ib puag ncig zoo li cas.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Thiaj Ua Tau Cov Yas Uas Yaj Tau Hauv Av
Cov txheej txheem rau kev ua cov yas uas lwj tau yooj yim sib txawv nyob ntawm hom yas uas tsim tawm. Nov yog qee txoj kev siv dav dav hauv kev tsim cov yas uas lwj tau yooj yim:
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
1. Kev rho tawm qab zib
Cov txheej txheem no pib nrog kev rho tawm cov suab thaj los ntawm cov nroj tsuag xws li pob kws lossis kab tsib. Cov suab thaj no ces raug cov kab mob fermented los tsim cov lactic acid.
2. Kev ua polymerization
Cov kua qaub lactic uas tshwm sim ces mus dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem polymerization los tsim cov polylactide, uas yog ib daim ntawv polymer ntawm PLA.
3. Kev Tsim Khoom Kawg
Cov kua PLA raug nchuav rau hauv cov pwm lossis extruded los ua cov khoom kawg xws li cov ntawv yas, lub raj mis, lossis filament rau 3D printing.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
1. Kev Ua Kom Qhuav
Cov kab mob me me xws li cov kab mob me me raug cog rau hauv qhov chaw fermentation uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau, xws li cov suab thaj lossis cov lipids. Cov kab mob me me no tsim cov PHA ua lub zog khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom suav nrog hauv lawv cov hlwb.
2. Kev rho tawm thiab kev ntxuav
Tom ntej no, PHA raug rho tawm ntawm cov kab mob me me thiab purified kom tshem tawm cov khoom xyaw uas tsis yog PHA.
3. Kev Tsim Khoom Kawg
Cov PHA sib xyaw no ces raug ua tiav ntxiv raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam, piv txwv li, ua rau hauv cov hnab yas lossis cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom.
Cov Yas Uas Muaj Hmoov Nplej
1. Kev rho tawm hmoov txhuv nplej siab
Hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog rho tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim xws li pob kws, qos yaj ywm, lossis nplej.
2. Sib xyaw nrog lwm cov yas
Cov hmoov txhuv nplej uas tau rho tawm ces muab sib xyaw nrog lwm cov yas uas lwj tau los yog cov neeg sawv cev khi, ua rau cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke uas siv tau rau ntau yam kev siv.
3. Kev Tsim Khoom Kawg
Cov khoom sib xyaw no ces tsim los ntawm kev molding lossis extrusion txheej txheem mus rau hauv cov khoom kawg xws li lub hnab yuav khoom lossis cov ntawv qhwv zaub mov.
Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)
1. Kev Ua Polymerization ntawm Glycolide
PGA yog tsim los ntawm kev polymerization ntawm glycolides, uas yog diesters ntawm glycolic acid.
2. Kev ntxuav kom huv
Tom qab polymerization, PGA yog crystallized thiab purified kom tshem tawm cov residual reagents thiab residues ntawm cov txheej txheem polymerization.
3. Kev Tsim Khoom Kawg
Cov PGA uas npaj siv tau ces tuaj yeem tsim ua cov khoom kawg xws li cov xov phais uas lwj tau los yog lwm yam khoom siv cog rau hauv kev kho mob.
Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
1. Kev ua polymerization
PBS yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm succinate thiab butandiol los ntawm cov txheej txheem polymerization ib txwm muaj.
2. Kev ntxuav kom huv
Tom qab polymerization, PBS raug purified kom tshem tawm cov monomers thiab catalysts seem.
3. Kev Tsim Khoom Kawg
PBS uas tau ntxuav lawm tuaj yeem raug extruded lossis molded los tsim cov khoom kawg xws li cov riam siv pov tseg lossis cov yas yas.
Cov Yas Uas Muaj Cellulose
1. Kev rho tawm cellulose
Cellulose yog rho tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj xws li ntoo lossis paj rwb.
2. Kev Hloov Kho Tshuaj
Cov cellulose uas tau rho tawm lawm ces raug hloov kho los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg xws li esterification lossis etherification los txhim kho nws cov khoom zoo li yas.
3. Kev Tsim Khoom Kawg
Cov cellulose hloov kho thaum kawg siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom kawg los ntawm kev molding lossis extrusion.
Xaus
Cov yas uas lwj tau muab kev daws teeb meem zoo rau ib puag ncig dua li cov yas ib txwm muaj, nrog ntau hom thiab ntau txoj kev tsim khoom uas tsim los rau ntau yam kev siv. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov hom yas uas lwj tau thiab lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, peb vam tias yuav xaiv thiab siv cov khoom yas kom zoo dua los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.
Siv ua piv txwv
– Leja, K., & Lewandowicz, G. (2010). Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov polymer thiab cov polymers uas lwj tau - kev tshuaj xyuas. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19(2), 255-266.
– Shah, A. A., Hassan, F., Hameed, A., & Ahmed, S. (2008). Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yas: Kev tshuaj xyuas kom meej. Kev nce qib ntawm biotechnology, 26(3), 246-265.
