Kumumanaʻo mai Prokaryotic a i Eukaryotic: Ka Evolution o ka Paʻakikī o ke Kelepona
Pendahuluan
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ke ola ma ka Honua kekahi o nā mea pohihihi hoihoi loa i hoʻopio i nā ʻepekema no nā kenekulia. ʻO nā hui nui ʻelua o nā meaola, ʻo prokaryotes a me eukaryotes, ke hōʻike nei i kekahi o nā ʻanuʻu ulu koʻikoʻi loa. ʻO Prokaryotes, nona nā bacteria a me archaea, he mau meaola maʻalahi, hoʻokahi-cell i ola no nā piliona makahiki. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā cell o nā eukaryotes—nona nā protists, fungi, nā mea kanu, a me nā holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, pehea i hana ʻia ai ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā cell prokaryotic maʻalahi i nā cell eukaryotic paʻakikī he kumuhana ia o ka noiʻi nui a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. E ʻimi kēia ʻatikala i nā kumumanaʻo nui e wehewehe ana i ka ulu ʻana mai nā prokaryotes a i nā eukaryotes.
Ke Kumu o ke Ola Kelepona
He piliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, he wahi ʻokoʻa loa ka Honua mai kēia lā. ʻAʻohe oxygen i kona lewa, a ʻaʻole i ola ke ola o nā cellular. Ua puka mai paha ke ola mua ma ke ʻano o nā cell prokaryotic ma kahi o 3,5 a 4 biliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kēia mau prokaryotes nā kūpuna o nā mea ola a pau i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā. Ua ulu maikaʻi lākou i nā kūlana kaiapuni koʻikoʻi, e hōʻike ana i ka maʻalahi kupaianaha. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā meaola prokaryotic maʻalahi, hoʻokahi-cell i nā meaola eukaryotic paʻakikī e koi ana i nā loli nui i ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā cellular.
Kuhiakau Endosymbiosis
ʻO kekahi o nā kumumanaʻo i ʻae nui ʻia e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic ʻo ia ka kuhiakau endosymbiotic, i hāpai mua ʻia e ka ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo Lynn Margulis i ka makahiki 1967. Wahi a kēia kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻomaka nā organelles koʻikoʻi i loko o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic, e like me mitochondria a me chloroplasts, ma ke ʻano he bacteria prokaryotic ola manuahi i hoʻokumu i kahi pilina symbiotic me kahi pūnaewele host nui a mua.
1. Mitochondria: Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ua hoʻopau nā kūpuna mua o nā cell eukaryotic i nā bacteria aerobic, i hiki ke hoʻohana i ka oxygen e hana i ka ikehu me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma o ka hanu ʻana. Ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kēia mau bacteria, ua hoʻokumu ke kelepona kikowaena i kahi pilina pōmaikaʻi like. Ua hāʻawi ka bacteria aerobic i kahi kumu ikehu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻoiai ua hāʻawi ke kelepona kikowaena i ka pale a me nā meaʻai. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua ulu kēia mau bacteria i hoʻohui ʻia i mitochondria hou.
2. Nā Chloroplasts: Hana ʻia kekahi hana like ma nā chloroplasts, i loaʻa i loko o nā cell mea kanu a me nā algal. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ua hoʻopuni nā cell eukaryotic primitive i nā bacteria photosynthetic e like me cyanobacteria. Ua hāʻawi kēia i ka host eukaryotic i kahi pono photosynthetic, e ʻae ana iā lākou e hana i ka meaʻai mai ka lā, a laila e ulu aʻe i nā chloroplasts.
ʻO nā hōʻike no kēia kuhiakau e pili ana i nā ʻano like ma waena o nā mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts a me nā bacteria, e like me ke alo o ka DNA poepoe, nā ribosomes e like me nā ribosomes bacteria, a me ka hiki ke māhele kūʻokoʻa i loko o ke kelepona.
Hoʻololi Kūkulu a me ka Hana
ʻAʻole wale ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā prokaryotes a i nā eukaryotes e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts. Ua pili pū kekahi i nā loli ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano a me ka hana, me:
– Ke Kahua ʻana o ka Membrane Nuklea: ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic ʻo ia ke alo o kahi nuklea e hoʻopuni ana i kā lākou DNA i loko o kahi membrane nuklea. Hōʻike ka kuhiakau maʻamau i ka ulu ʻana o ka membrane nuklea ma o ka invagination o ka membrane cell i nā prokaryotes mua, e pale ana i nā mea genetic a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene.
– Nā Lako Hana Hoʻoilina Paʻakikī: Hōʻike nā Eukaryotes i ka DNA lōʻihi a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā prokaryotes, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o nā chromosomes linear. Ua ulu pū nā mea hoʻololi a me ka RNA paʻakikī no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā gene.
– ʻŌnaehana Cytoskeletal: Hoʻomohala nā Eukaryotes i nā ʻano cytoskeleton paʻakikī, e ʻae ana i nā cell e mālama i ko lākou ʻano, hoʻoneʻe i nā mea i loko o ke kelepona, a hoʻohana pū i ka flagella a me ka cilia no ka neʻe ʻana.
– Hoʻohui ʻia o nā Organelles ʻē aʻe: ʻO nā organelles like ʻole, e like me ka endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, a me nā lysosomes, i hoʻomohala ʻia e lawelawe i ka hana ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana o ka protein a me nā metabolism cellular holomua ʻē aʻe.
Ke Kuleana o Symbiosis i ka Evolution
ʻO Symbiosis, kahi pilina kaiaola ma waena o nā ʻano ʻelua e noho kokoke ana, ua hoʻokani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka paʻakikī o ke kelepona. I loko o ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana mai prokaryotes a i eukaryotes, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi wale ka symbiosis i nā pono kūpono akā ua hoʻomākaukau pū i ke ala no ka hana hou ʻana o ka metabolic a me ka ʻokoʻa ākea o ka evolutionary. ʻAʻole i pau nā hui Symbiotic ma ka pae organelle; hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ulu ʻana o nā kaiāulu nui, e hoʻokele ana i ke ʻano like ʻole o ke ola i ʻike ʻia i nā kaiaolaola o kēia wā.
Nā Pilikia a me nā Nīnau Hāmama
ʻOiai ua ʻae nui ʻia ka kuhiakau endosymbiosis, nui nō nā pilikia a me nā nīnau i pane ʻole ʻia, e like me:
– Nā ʻAno Hana Kūikawā: ʻAʻole maopopo loa pehea e holomua ai ke kaʻina hana hoʻopuni ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka symbiosis no ka manawa lōʻihi.
– Ke Kumu o nā Organelles ʻē aʻe: ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia ua kumu mai nā mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts mai nā bacteria kahiko, ʻaʻole i palapala ʻia ke kumu o nā organelles ʻē aʻe i loko o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic.
– Nā Hōʻike Fossil: ʻAʻole hōʻike nā Fossil i nā kikoʻī o ka hoʻololi ʻanuʻu mai nā cell prokaryotic a i nā cell eukaryotic, no laila ʻo ka loiloi genetic a me ka biological ka hōʻike mua.
Pani
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā pūnaewele prokaryotic a i nā pūnaewele eukaryotic kekahi o nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi loa i ka mōʻaukala o ke ola ma ka Honua. ʻOiai ʻo nā paʻakikī o ka ulu ʻana o nā pūnaewele e pono ai ka noiʻi nui, hāʻawi nā kumumanaʻo e like me ka endosymbiosis i nā ʻike koʻikoʻi i loko o nā dinamika pūnaewele i hiki ai ke ulu hou aʻe o ke ola. Me nā holomua i ka biology molecular a me ka genetics, neʻe mākou i kēlā me kēia lā i kahi ʻike hohonu o ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o kēia ola paʻakikī. ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia hoʻololi ʻaʻole wale e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i ka biology kumu akā pehea hoʻi ke ola ponoʻī e hoʻololi a ulu i mua o nā pilikia kaiapuni e loli mau nei.
